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Which of the following bacteria is known for causing pneumonia?
- A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Streptococcus pneumoniae. This bacteria is known for causing pneumonia due to its ability to infect the lungs and cause inflammation leading to pneumonia symptoms. It is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (B) causes tuberculosis, not pneumonia. Escherichia coli (C) is associated with urinary tract infections and gastrointestinal infections, not pneumonia. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (D) is known to cause infections in immunocompromised individuals but is not a common cause of pneumonia.
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Microscopic examination of a Gramstained scrape from patient's tongue revealed oval, round, elongated chains of dark-violet gemmating cells. What disease can be caused by this causative agent?
- A. Candidosis
- B. Actinomycosis
- C. Diphtheria
- D. Staphylococcic infection
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Oval, round, elongated chains of gemmating cells indicate yeast-like budding cells seen in Candida species.
Step 2: Candidosis is caused by Candida species, which is commonly found in the oral cavity and can cause infections on the tongue.
Step 3: Candidosis presents as white patches or plaques on the tongue.
Step 4: Therefore, the correct answer is A: Candidosis.
Summary:
B: Actinomycosis is caused by Actinomyces species, which are filamentous bacteria, not oval budding cells.
C: Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which appears as gram-positive rods in chains, not oval budding cells.
D: Staphylococcal infections are caused by Staphylococcus species, which appear as clusters of cocci, not oval budding cells.
Which of the following bacteria produce toxins that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness?
- A. Vibrio cholerae
- B. Clostridium difficile
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above," because all three bacteria listed (Vibrio cholerae, Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli) produce toxins that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness. Vibrio cholerae produces cholera toxin leading to severe diarrhea. Clostridium difficile produces toxins causing antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Escherichia coli can produce toxins such as Shiga toxin causing severe gastrointestinal symptoms. Therefore, all the options listed are correct in producing toxins that can result in severe gastrointestinal illness.
The first grade pupils were examined in order to sort out children for tuberculosis revaccination. What test was applied for this purpose?
- A. Mantoux test
- B. Schick test
- C. Anthraxine test
- D. Burnet test
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mantoux test. The Mantoux test is used to detect tuberculosis infection by injecting a small amount of tuberculin under the skin and checking for a reaction. This test helps identify individuals who have been exposed to tuberculosis. The other choices are incorrect because: B: Schick test is used to determine immunity to diphtheria, not tuberculosis. C: Anthraxine test is used for anthrax, not tuberculosis. D: Burnet test is not a recognized medical test for tuberculosis.
A 40-year-old female farmworker has been diagnosed with brucellosis and administered causal chemotherapy. What group of drugs will be used for this purpose?
- A. Antibiotic
- B. Donor immunoglobulin
- C. Inactivated therapeutic vaccine
- D. Antitoxic serum
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Antibiotic. Brucellosis is a bacterial infection, and antibiotics are the primary treatment to target and eliminate the bacteria causing the disease. Antibiotics such as doxycycline and rifampin are commonly used for brucellosis treatment. Donor immunoglobulin (B) is not used to treat brucellosis as it is not caused by a deficiency in antibodies. Inactivated therapeutic vaccine (C) is used for prevention, not for treating active infections. Antitoxic serum (D) is used to neutralize toxins produced by bacteria, not to directly kill the bacteria themselves in cases like brucellosis.
All the statements about Pseudomonas aeruginosa are correct, EXCEPT:
- A. It is a Gram-negative bacterium
- B. It is oxidase-positive
- C. It is non-motile and non-spore forming
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: It is non-motile and non-spore forming. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is motile due to its flagella and is non-spore forming. A is correct because it is a Gram-negative bacterium, and B is correct as it is oxidase-positive. D is incorrect because C is not true.