Nokea
Which of the following cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen?
- A. parietal cells
- B. chief cells
- C. mucous neck cells
- D. enteroendocrine cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: chief cells. Chief cells are responsible for secreting pepsinogen in the stomach. Pepsinogen is an inactive form of pepsin, which is an enzyme that helps in protein digestion. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid, not pepsinogen. Mucous neck cells secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining. Enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones like gastrin, but not pepsinogen. Therefore, the correct answer is B as chief cells are the specific cells that secrete pepsinogen in the stomach.
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Where are most digestive enzymes secreted?
- A. stomach
- B. liver
- C. pancreas
- D. small intestine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: pancreas. The pancreas secretes most digestive enzymes, including amylase, lipase, and proteases, into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It plays a crucial role in breaking down food components. The stomach (choice A) secretes gastric juices but not the majority of digestive enzymes. The liver (choice B) produces bile, which aids in fat digestion, but does not secrete digestive enzymes. The small intestine (choice D) is where most digestion and absorption occur, but it does not secrete the majority of digestive enzymes.
A tumor producing large amounts of gastrin DOES NOT include:
- A. Hyperplasia of gastric epithelium
- B. Hyperplasia of gastric mucosal lymphocytes
- C. Excessive gastric acid secretion
- D. Histamine secretion in the gastric mucosa
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hyperplasia of gastric mucosal lymphocytes. In a tumor producing large amounts of gastrin, hyperplasia of gastric epithelium (choice A) is expected due to increased gastrin stimulation. Excessive gastric acid secretion (choice C) is also expected as gastrin stimulates acid production. Histamine secretion in the gastric mucosa (choice D) can occur as histamine is released in response to gastrin. However, hyperplasia of gastric mucosal lymphocytes (choice B) is not a direct consequence of increased gastrin levels. Lymphocyte hyperplasia is more commonly associated with chronic inflammation or infection rather than gastrin overproduction.
The painful or burning sensation in the chest usually associated with acid reflux in the esophagus is called
- A. a peptic ulcer.
- B. heart burn.
- C. angina.
- D. a duodenal ulcer.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: heartburn. This is because heartburn is the common term for the painful or burning sensation in the chest caused by acid reflux in the esophagus. A peptic ulcer (A) and a duodenal ulcer (D) are sores in the stomach or small intestine, not specific to the chest area. Angina (C) is chest pain related to heart issues, not specifically caused by acid reflux. Therefore, B is the correct answer.
A nurse is admitting a client who was prescribed antibiotic therapy and now has a Clostridium difficile infection. Which of the following actions should the nurse take?
- A. Disinfect equipment in the client's room daily.
- B. Place the client in a protective environment.
- C. Use alcohol hand sanitizer after completing tasks for the client.
- D. Have the client wear a mask when out of the room.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Disinfect equipment in the client's room daily. This is important for preventing the spread of Clostridium difficile, a highly contagious bacterium causing severe diarrhea. Disinfecting equipment helps eliminate the bacteria from the environment, reducing the risk of transmission to other individuals.
Summary of other choices:
B: Placing the client in a protective environment is unnecessary and not recommended for Clostridium difficile infection.
C: While using alcohol hand sanitizer is important for hand hygiene, disinfecting equipment is more crucial in this case.
D: Having the client wear a mask is not necessary for preventing the transmission of Clostridium difficile.
Priority Decision: A patient is admitted to the emergency department with acute abdominal pain. What nursing intervention should the nurse implement first?
- A. Measurement of vital signs
- B. Administration of prescribed analgesics
- C. Assessment of the onset, location, intensity, duration, and character of the pain
- D. Physical assessment of the abdomen for distention, bowel sounds, and pigmentation changes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Assessing the onset, location, intensity, duration, and character of the pain is the priority because it helps determine the potential cause of the abdominal pain. This information guides further interventions and informs the healthcare team about the urgency of the situation.
Choice A (Measurement of vital signs) can be important but assessing the pain characteristics takes precedence as it directly informs the urgency of the situation.
Choice B (Administration of prescribed analgesics) should be delayed until the cause of the pain is identified to prevent masking symptoms that could aid in diagnosis.
Choice D (Physical assessment of the abdomen) is important but assessing the pain characteristics comes first to guide the physical assessment and subsequent interventions.