Nokea
Which of the following drug should be used only as clinical curative but not as prophylactic in malaria?:
- A. Pyrimethamine + sulfadoxine
- B. Proguanil
- C. Primaquine
- D. Mefloquine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Primaquine. Primaquine is used for clinical curative treatment of malaria, particularly for the eradication of hypnozoites in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale infections. It is not used as a prophylactic drug due to its potential side effects, such as hemolysis in individuals with G6PD deficiency.
Choice A (Pyrimethamine + sulfadoxine) is a combination used for both treatment and prophylaxis.
Choice B (Proguanil) is used for prophylaxis and treatment.
Choice D (Mefloquine) is used for both prophylaxis and treatment of malaria.
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Which of the following statement about retroviral protease inhibitors?
- A. They act at an early step in HIV replication
- B. They are more active in inhibiting HIV than zidovudine
- C. They inhibit CYP 3A4 and interact with many other drugs
- D. Both (b) and (c) are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale for choice D: Retroviral protease inhibitors, such as lopinavir and ritonavir, are correct because they are more active in inhibiting HIV replication than zidovudine (B) and they inhibit CYP 3A4 and interact with many other drugs (C).
Explanation for why other choices are incorrect:
A: Retroviral protease inhibitors do not act at an early step in HIV replication; they act by blocking the protease enzyme necessary for viral maturation.
B: Zidovudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, not a protease inhibitor, so retroviral protease inhibitors are more potent against HIV.
C: While retroviral protease inhibitors do inhibit CYP 3A4 and interact with other drugs, this statement alone does not capture the complete picture of their mechanism of action or potency compared to zidovudine.
A 75 year old man is suffering from benign prostatic hypertrophy and is being treated with terazosin. Which of the following adverse reaction would be expected taking this drug?
- A. Erectile dysfunction
- B. Orthostatic hypotension
- C. GI distress
- D. Gynecomastia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Orthostatic hypotension. Terazosin is an alpha-1 blocker commonly used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy. It works by relaxing smooth muscle in the prostate and bladder neck. This relaxation can lead to vasodilation and subsequently cause a drop in blood pressure. Orthostatic hypotension is a common adverse reaction of alpha-1 blockers due to this mechanism. The other choices, A: Erectile dysfunction, C: GI distress, and D: Gynecomastia are not typically associated with terazosin use. Erectile dysfunction can actually be improved with alpha-1 blockers as they relax smooth muscle in the prostate, allowing for easier urination and potentially improved sexual function. GI distress and gynecomastia are not common side effects of terazosin.
A patient who has recently undergone ESWL for the manage her new ileal conduit in the home setting. To treatment of renal calculi has phoned the urology prevent leakage or skin breakdown, the nurse should
- A. Remind the patient that renal calculi have a encourage which of the following practices?
- B. Empty the collection bag when it is between on
- C. half
- D. and two-thirds full.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Emptying the collection bag when it is between half and two-thirds full helps prevent leakage and skin breakdown by maintaining proper drainage and preventing overfilling. This practice also reduces the risk of urinary stasis and infection.
Choice A is incorrect because it is not related to the management of an ileal conduit. Choice C is incorrect as it does not address the specific issue of proper bag emptying to prevent leakage. Choice D is incorrect as waiting until the bag is too full can lead to increased pressure, potential leakage, and skin breakdown.
A 50-year-old woman calls the clinic because she has noticed some changes in her body and breasts and wonders if these changes could be attributable to the hormone replacement therapy (HRT) she started 3 months earlier. The nurse should tell her:
- A. HRT is at such a low dose that side effects are very unusual.
- B. HRT has several side effects, including fluid retention, breast tenderness, and vaginal bleeding.
- C. Vaginal bleeding with HRT is very unusual; I suggest you come into the clinic immediately to have this evaluated.
- D. It sounds as if your dose of estrogen is too high; I think you may need to decrease the amount you are taking and then call back in a week.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because hormone replacement therapy (HRT) commonly causes side effects such as fluid retention, breast tenderness, and vaginal bleeding. This information is important for the nurse to communicate to the patient, as it aligns with the symptoms the woman is experiencing. Choice A is incorrect as even low doses of HRT can still result in side effects. Choice C is incorrect because vaginal bleeding with HRT is not very unusual and does not necessitate immediate evaluation unless it is severe. Choice D is incorrect as adjusting the dose without proper evaluation could be dangerous and is not the appropriate first step in addressing the patient's concerns.
The process by which water is reabsorbed by following solutes when they are reabsorbed is called
- A. obligatory water reabsorption
- B. facultative water reabsorption
- C. osmotic water reabsorption
- D. renin-angiotensin water reabsorption
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: facultative water reabsorption. This process occurs in the collecting ducts of the nephron in the kidney, where water reabsorption is regulated based on the body's hydration levels. When solutes like sodium are reabsorbed, water follows passively through aquaporin channels, adjusting the amount of water reabsorbed according to the body's needs.
A: Obligatory water reabsorption refers to the constant reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule and descending loop of Henle, not regulated based on hydration levels.
C: Osmotic water reabsorption is a general term referring to the movement of water based on osmotic gradients, not specifically regulated by solute reabsorption.
D: Renin-angiotensin water reabsorption involves the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in response to low blood pressure, focusing on sodium reabsorption rather than direct regulation of