Nokea
Which of the following hormones are produced in the anterior pituitary gland?
- A. Oxytocin
- B. Prolactin
- C. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
- D. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is one of the hormones produced in the anterior pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary gland secretes several hormones that regulate various functions in the body. FSH plays a crucial role in both males and females. In females, FSH stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles, which contain the eggs. In males, FSH is essential for the production of sperm in the testes. The production and release of FSH are regulated by the hypothalamus and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
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Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin) are:
- A. complex steroids.
- B. synthesized and stored in the posterior pituitary.
- C. released from the anterior pituitary where blood is hypotonic.
- D. synthesized in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin) are both synthesized in the hypothalamus, specifically in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. After synthesis, they are transported along axons to the posterior pituitary where they are stored until they are released into the bloodstream when needed. This is why they are released from the posterior pituitary, not the anterior pituitary. These hormones have different functions in the body, with oxytocin being involved in labor and breastfeeding, while ADH plays a role in regulating water balance and blood pressure.
Cortisol secretion is directly stimulated by:
- A. Aldosterone
- B. Prolactin
- C. ACTH
- D. CRH
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cortisol secretion is directly stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which is produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus. ACTH acts on the adrenal cortex to stimulate the production and release of cortisol. Aldosterone is another hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, but it is not directly involved in the stimulation of cortisol secretion. Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that plays a role in lactation, not cortisol secretion. High blood potassium levels can stimulate aldosterone secretion but do not directly stimulate cortisol secretion.
All are features of diabetic ketoacidosis except:
- A. Hyperthermia
- B. Drowsiness
- C. Dehydration
- D. Air hunger
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hyperthermia is not a typical feature of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA is typically characterized by high blood sugar levels, ketone accumulation, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, drowsiness, and, in severe cases, unconsciousness. Common symptoms include drowsiness, dehydration, and air hunger (deep and rapid breathing). However, hyperthermia, which refers to an elevated body temperature, is not a characteristic typically associated with DKA. It is important to monitor and manage DKA promptly as it is a serious complication of diabetes that requires immediate medical attention.
Increased gonadal production of oestrogen is seen in:
- A. Third trimester of pregnancy
- B. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- C. Polycystic ovarian disease
- D. Testicular feminization syndrome
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Polycystic ovarian disease, also known as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), is a common endocrine disorder characterized by increased levels of androgens (male hormones) and disrupted estrogen production in the ovaries. The hormonal imbalance seen in PCOS leads to increased gonadal production of estrogen. This condition is often associated with symptoms such as irregular menstrual cycles, infertility, acne, and excess facial or body hair growth. In contrast, the other options do not typically involve increased gonadal production of estrogen as seen in PCOS.
The posterior pituitary stores and secretes _________.
- A. anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin.
- B. growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone.
- C. estrogen and testosterone.
- D. aldosterone and cortisol.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The posterior pituitary gland secretes anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin, which are produced in the hypothalamus and then transported and stored in the posterior pituitary before being released into the bloodstream. ADH, also known as vasopressin, helps regulate water balance in the body by controlling the reabsorption of water in the kidneys. Oxytocin, on the other hand, plays a role in various reproductive functions such as labor and lactation, as well as social bonding and behavior.