Nokea
Which of the following is a substance that the kidneys remove from the blood during filtration?
- A. Carbon Dioxide
- B. Salts
- C. Oxygen
- D. Red Blood Cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Salts. During filtration in the kidneys, salts (such as sodium, potassium, and chloride) are removed from the blood to maintain proper electrolyte balance. Carbon dioxide (A) is primarily eliminated through respiration, not filtration by the kidneys. Oxygen (C) is essential for cellular respiration and is not typically removed by the kidneys. Red blood cells (D) are not filtered out by the kidneys unless there is a medical condition affecting the kidneys' function. Thus, the correct answer is B as salts are one of the key substances removed during kidney filtration to regulate electrolyte levels in the body.
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The penicillin G preparation with the longest duration of action is: *
- A. Benzathine penicillin
- B. Sodium penicillin
- C. Potassium penicillin
- D. Procaine penicillin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Procaine penicillin. Procaine penicillin is a long-acting penicillin formulation due to the addition of procaine, which slows down the release of penicillin into the bloodstream. This results in a prolonged duration of action compared to benzathine, sodium, and potassium penicillin. Benzathine penicillin is also long-acting but primarily used for prevention, not treatment. Sodium and potassium penicillin are not formulated for extended action, making them less suitable for long-term treatment. Therefore, D is the best choice for long-lasting penicillin therapy.
When caring for the patient with interstitial cystitis, what can the nurse teach the patient to do?
- A. Avoid foods that make the urine more alkaline.
- B. Use high-potency vitamin therapy to decrease the autoimmune effects of the disorder.
- C. Always keep a voiding diary to document pain, voiding frequency, and patterns of nocturia.
- D. Use the dietary supplement calcium glycerophosphate (Prelief) to decrease bladder irritation.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Calcium glycerophosphate (Prelief) is a dietary supplement that helps decrease bladder irritation in patients with interstitial cystitis. It works by reducing the acidity of foods and beverages that can irritate the bladder. This can help alleviate symptoms such as bladder pain and urgency.
Avoiding foods that make the urine more alkaline (choice A) is not recommended for patients with interstitial cystitis as it can worsen symptoms. Using high-potency vitamin therapy (choice B) to decrease autoimmune effects is not a standard treatment for interstitial cystitis. Keeping a voiding diary (choice C) is helpful for tracking symptoms but does not directly address bladder irritation like calcium glycerophosphate does.
A nurse is examining a 40-year-old woman for signs of ovarian cancer. She has a family history of ovarian cancer. Which statement does the nurse know to be true regarding ovarian cancer?
- A. Ovarian cancer often does not show symptoms until late stages.
- B. The Pap smear test detects the presence of ovarian cancer.
- C. Women at high risk for ovarian cancer should have an annual pelvic ultrasound.
- D. Women over the age of 50 should be screened for ovarian cancer annually.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ovarian cancer often does not show symptoms until late stages. This is true because ovarian cancer is often asymptomatic in the early stages, making it difficult to detect. By the time symptoms appear, the cancer is usually at an advanced stage.
Choice B is incorrect because the Pap smear test is used to detect cervical cancer, not ovarian cancer. Choice C is incorrect because while some high-risk women may benefit from periodic ultrasound screenings, it is not recommended for all women at high risk. Choice D is incorrect because there is no specific annual screening recommendation for ovarian cancer in women over the age of 50.
A nurses colleague has applied an incontinence pad Select all that apply.
- A. Dietary history
- B. What principle
- C. Family history of renal stones
- D. Medication history
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Dietary history. Understanding the patient's dietary habits can help identify potential triggers for incontinence, such as caffeine or alcohol intake. It also provides insight into fluid intake, which can impact incontinence.
Incorrect choices:
B: What principle - This is vague and does not provide relevant information for managing incontinence.
C: Family history of renal stones - While family history can be important for certain conditions, it is not directly related to managing incontinence.
D: Medication history - While medications can sometimes contribute to incontinence, dietary factors are typically more significant in this context.
In which type of dialysis does the patient dialyze during sleep and leave the fluid in the abdomen during the day?
- A. Long nocturnal hemodialysis
- B. Automated peritoneal dialysis (APD)
- C. Continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH)
- D. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Automated peritoneal dialysis (APD). In APD, the patient connects to a machine at night for dialysis while sleeping, and during the day, the dialysis fluid remains in the abdomen. This allows for continuous treatment without the need for daytime exchanges.
A: Long nocturnal hemodialysis involves nighttime hemodialysis sessions but does not involve leaving fluid in the abdomen during the day.
C: Continuous venovenous hemofiltration is a continuous renal replacement therapy used in critically ill patients, not for ambulatory dialysis.
D: Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) requires manual exchanges throughout the day, unlike APD where the fluid remains in the abdomen during the day.