Nokea
Which of the following is considered a defining characteristic of a TH2 response?
- A. Production of IgM antibodies
- B. Activation of CTL
- C. Recruitment and activation of neutrophils
- D. Production of IgE antibodies
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Production of IgE antibodies. A TH2 response is characterized by the production of IgE antibodies, which are essential in allergic reactions. IgM antibodies (A) are produced during the primary immune response. Activation of CTL (B) is associated with a TH1 response. Neutrophils (C) are primarily involved in the innate immune response and are not specific to TH2 responses. In summary, the production of IgE antibodies is a defining characteristic of a TH2 response, distinguishing it from other immune responses.
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Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with granulomatous hypersensitivity?
- A. Crohn's disease
- B. Sarcoidosis
- C. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- D. Tuberculosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Granulomatous hypersensitivity is characterized by the formation of granulomas in response to persistent antigen exposure. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease involving immune complex deposition and inflammation, not granuloma formation. Crohn's disease, sarcoidosis, and tuberculosis are commonly associated with granulomatous hypersensitivity due to their chronic inflammatory nature and granuloma formation in affected tissues. SLE does not typically present with granulomas, making it the correct answer.
Autoimmune diseases are associated with several susceptibility factors. Environmental factors associated with increased risk of autoimmune disease include:
- A. Infections
- B. Level of exposure to the sun
- C. Imbalance of microbiota composition
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above." Autoimmune diseases have complex causes, involving genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Infections can trigger autoimmune responses, sunlight exposure can influence immune function, and an imbalance in microbiota composition can lead to dysregulated immune responses. Therefore, all three factors can contribute to an increased risk of autoimmune diseases. Choices A, B, and C individually are all associated with autoimmune diseases, making option D the correct choice.
The patient was told she has carcinoma in situ, and the student nurse wonders what that is. How should the nurse explain this to the student nurse?
- A. Evasion of the immune system by cancer cells
- B. Lesion with histologic features of cancer except invasion
- C. Capable of causing cellular alterations associated with cancer
- D. Tumor cell surface antigens that stimulate an immune response
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Carcinoma in situ refers to a lesion with histologic features of cancer but without invasion into surrounding tissues.
Which antibody is transported across the placenta?
- A. IgA
- B. IgM
- C. IgG
- D. IgE
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: IgG. IgG is the only antibody that can be transported across the placenta from the mother to the fetus, providing passive immunity to the newborn. This transfer of IgG occurs through the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) present in the placenta. IgA is primarily found in mucosal secretions, IgM is too large to cross the placenta, and IgE is involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections, not placental transfer. Therefore, IgG is the only antibody capable of crossing the placenta and providing immune protection to the fetus.
In the late 1890s, 'cellularists' and 'humoralists' were intensively arguing about the key components driving the immune response. What was a crucial finding that led the humoralists to dominate the field in the following 50 years?
- A. The demonstration of the Germ Theory of disease
- B. The discovery that cell-free serum could transfer immunity from an immunized animal to a non-immunized one
- C. The discovery of the tuberculin reaction
- D. The determination of the antibody structure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, the discovery that cell-free serum could transfer immunity. This finding led humoralists to dominate because it supported the idea of circulating antibodies in the serum being responsible for immunity. This concept aligned with the humoralist theory, which focused on the role of antibodies in immune response. The ability of cell-free serum to transfer immunity provided direct evidence for humoralists' beliefs.
Choice A (The demonstration of the Germ Theory of disease) is incorrect because while it was a significant advancement in understanding disease, it did not directly impact the argument between cellularists and humoralists regarding the immune response.
Choice C (The discovery of the tuberculin reaction) is incorrect as it was more relevant to the understanding of the immune response to tuberculosis specifically, rather than the broader debate between cellularists and humoralists.
Choice D (The determination of the antibody structure) is incorrect because while understanding antibody structure is crucial, it did not have as direct an impact on the dominance of