Nokea
Which of the following is FALSE about the enteric nervous system?
- A. It works through local control.
- B. It consists of enteric sensory and motor neurons.
- C. Enteric interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons together.
- D. The enteric neurons are incapable of controlling digestive tract functions without the central nervous system (CNS).
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
1. The enteric nervous system can autonomously regulate digestive functions locally without input from the central nervous system.
2. Enteric sensory and motor neurons are key components of the enteric nervous system, responsible for detecting stimuli and coordinating gut movements.
3. Enteric interneurons play a crucial role in connecting sensory and motor neurons within the enteric nervous system.
4. Choice D is false because the enteric neurons are capable of controlling digestive tract functions independently from the central nervous system.
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The small intestine:
- A. Is shorter than the large intestine
- B. Its internal surface area is smaller than the large intestine
- C. It absorbs less water than the large intestine
- D. It contains bacteria as found in the large intestine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the small intestine has a larger internal surface area compared to the large intestine due to its extensive folding and villi. This increased surface area enhances nutrient absorption efficiency. Choice A is incorrect as the small intestine is longer than the large intestine. Choice C is incorrect as the small intestine absorbs more water than the large intestine. Choice D is incorrect as the small intestine typically does not contain the same amount of bacteria as the large intestine, which is known for its significant bacterial population.
A nurse is caring for a client who is receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The nurse notices that the solution bag is almost empty and there is not another bag of TPN to administer. Which of the following IV solutions should the nurse administer until the next bag of TPN solution is available?
- A. 10% dextrose in water (D10W)
- B. 0.45% sodium chloride (0.45% NaCl)
- C. Lactated Ringer's solution
- D. 5% dextrose in lactated Ringer's solution (D5LR)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 10% dextrose in water (D10W). When a TPN bag is almost empty, abruptly stopping it can lead to hypoglycemia. Administering D10W provides a temporary source of glucose to prevent this. D10W is a hypertonic solution that delivers a high concentration of dextrose for energy. Option B (0.45% NaCl) is hypotonic and lacks the necessary glucose content. Option C (Lactated Ringer's solution) does not contain glucose, and option D (D5LR) contains lactate, which may not be suitable for all patients. Administering D10W is the most appropriate choice to prevent hypoglycemia until the next bag of TPN is available.
The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) includes all of the following, EXCEPT:
- A. esophagus
- B. liver
- C. stomach
- D. small intestine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: liver. The liver is not part of the gastrointestinal tract. The GI tract consists of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine, where digestion and absorption of nutrients occur. The liver is an accessory organ that aids in digestion by producing bile but is not part of the tract itself. The liver is involved in detoxification, storage of nutrients, and production of important proteins, but it does not play a direct role in the digestion process. Therefore, the liver is the correct answer.
In the production of the aqueous component of pancreatic juice, ______ ions are actively transported into the intercalated duct and sodium ions are exchanged for ______ ions.
- A. bicarbonate; hydrogen
- B. sodium; potassium
- C. bicarbonate; potassium
- D. hydrogen; potassium
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because in the production of pancreatic juice, bicarbonate ions are actively transported into the intercalated duct to ensure the alkalinity of the pancreatic juice. Additionally, sodium ions are exchanged for hydrogen ions to maintain the pH balance. This process helps neutralize the acidic chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach. The other choices are incorrect because potassium ions are not directly involved in this specific process, and the exchange of sodium ions for potassium ions does not contribute to the regulation of pancreatic juice pH.
Mucosa surface cell secretes mucous which provides a physical barrier between __ and __.
- A. Mucosa and Epithelium
- B. Lymph Vessel and lamina Propria
- C. Mucosa and Lumen
- D. Lumen and Epithelium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Mucosa and Lumen. The mucosa surface cell secretes mucus that forms a physical barrier between the mucosa (inner lining of a cavity or organ) and the lumen (inner space of a tubular structure). This barrier protects the underlying tissues from harmful substances in the lumen.
Choice A (Mucosa and Epithelium) is incorrect because the mucosa is part of the epithelium layer, so it would not make sense for the physical barrier to be between them.
Choice B (Lymph Vessel and Lamina Propria) is incorrect because these structures are not directly related to the secretion of mucus for protection.
Choice D (Lumen and Epithelium) is incorrect because the physical barrier created by the mucus is specifically between the mucosa cells and the lumen, not the epithelium itself.