Nokea
Which of the following is likely to fail to reduce secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach:
- A. A H receptor blocker
- B. A nicotinic cholinergic receptor blocker
- C. A muscarinic cholinergic receptor blocker
- D. An inhibitor of the hydrogen-potassium pump
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because an inhibitor of the hydrogen-potassium pump directly targets the mechanism responsible for the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. By inhibiting this pump, the production of acid is reduced.
A H receptor blocker (choice A) and a muscarinic cholinergic receptor blocker (choice C) work by blocking specific receptors involved in stimulating acid secretion. A nicotinic cholinergic receptor blocker (choice B) blocks a different type of receptor that is not directly involved in regulating acid secretion.
In summary, the inhibitor of the hydrogen-potassium pump (choice D) is the most direct and effective way to reduce the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach compared to the other choices.
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What is a common complication following a laparoscopic cholecystectomy?
- A. Bile leak
- B. Wound infection
- C. Deep vein thrombosis
- D. Pulmonary embolism
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bile leak. After a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, bile leak is a common complication due to injury to the bile ducts during surgery. This can lead to abdominal pain, infection, and other serious complications. Wound infection (B) is less common in laparoscopic surgeries. Deep vein thrombosis (C) and pulmonary embolism (D) are more associated with prolonged immobility post-surgery, which is less of a concern in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Which of these is responsible for the formation of chyme?
- A. bile
- B. mucus
- C. hydrochloric acid
- D. pepsin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid is responsible for creating an acidic environment in the stomach essential for the activation of pepsin and the breakdown of proteins into peptides. This acidic environment also helps in the denaturation of proteins and kills harmful bacteria present in food. Bile (choice A) aids in digestion of fats in the small intestine. Mucus (choice B) helps protect the stomach lining from the acidic environment. Pepsin (choice D) is an enzyme that breaks down proteins but is activated by hydrochloric acid.
Which of the following hydrolytic enzymes act in low pH?
- A. Peroxidases
- B. Hydrolases
- C. Amylases
- D. Proteases
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Proteases. Proteases are enzymes that break down proteins, and they are known to function optimally in low pH environments, such as the acidic environment of the stomach. This is because the acidic pH helps in the activation and stability of proteases, allowing them to efficiently break down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids.
Rationale for why the other choices are incorrect:
A: Peroxidases catalyze oxidation reactions and are not specifically known to act in low pH environments.
B: Hydrolases are a broad category of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of various molecules but are not specifically tailored for low pH conditions.
C: Amylases are enzymes that break down carbohydrates and typically work best in neutral to slightly alkaline pH conditions, not in low pH environments like proteases.
The major secretory product of the colon is
- A. bicarbonate ions.
- B. mucus.
- C. digestive enzymes.
- D. hydrochloric acid.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: mucus. The colon secretes mucus to protect the lining from digestive enzymes and acids, aid in the passage of stool, and maintain proper intestinal function. Bicarbonate ions (A) are secreted in the pancreas to neutralize stomach acid. Digestive enzymes (C) are primarily secreted in the small intestine to break down nutrients. Hydrochloric acid (D) is secreted by the stomach to aid in digestion but not by the colon.
Which patient has the highest risk for poor nutritional balance related to decreased ingestion?
- A. Tuberculosis infection
- B. Draining decubitus ulcers
- C. Malabsorption syndrome
- D. Severe anorexia resulting from radiation therapy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Severe anorexia resulting from radiation therapy. This patient has the highest risk for poor nutritional balance due to the severe anorexia caused by the treatment. Radiation therapy often leads to loss of appetite, making it difficult for the patient to ingest adequate nutrients, resulting in malnutrition.
A: Tuberculosis infection does not necessarily directly cause decreased ingestion, as appetite may vary among patients.
B: Draining decubitus ulcers may lead to protein and fluid loss but not necessarily decreased ingestion.
C: Malabsorption syndrome affects the absorption of nutrients but does not directly relate to decreased ingestion.