Nokea
Which of the following is NOT a major endocrine organ, but produces hormones in addition to its major function?
- A. pancreas
- B. thymus
- C. kidneys
- D. pituitary
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: kidneys. The kidneys are not considered a major endocrine organ, but they do produce hormones such as erythropoietin and renin as part of their major function of regulating fluid balance and blood pressure. The pancreas (A) is a major endocrine organ producing insulin and glucagon. The thymus (B) is involved in immune function and produces hormones like thymosin. The pituitary (D) is often referred to as the master gland and secretes various hormones that regulate other endocrine glands.
You may also like to solve these questions
What Does Somatostatin Do?
- A. Inhibits release of insulin and glucagon
- B. Stimulates release of insulin and glucagon
- C. Stimulates glucagon release while inhibits insulin release
- D. Inhibits glucagon release while stimulates insulin release
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because somatostatin inhibits the release of both insulin and glucagon. This hormone acts as a regulator of the endocrine system by suppressing the secretion of these hormones. By inhibiting the release of insulin, somatostatin helps to prevent hypoglycemia, while inhibiting glucagon release helps to maintain blood glucose levels. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the function of somatostatin in regulating the release of insulin and glucagon. B stimulates the release of both hormones, C stimulates glucagon while inhibits insulin, and D inhibits glucagon while stimulates insulin, which are all contradictory to the known actions of somatostatin.
Hormones that bind to receptors inside of target cells are usually
- A. lipid soluble.
- B. water soluble.
- C. second messengers.
- D. proteins.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: lipid soluble. Lipid-soluble hormones can easily pass through the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors. This binding activates gene expression and affects protein synthesis within the cell. Water-soluble hormones, like choice B, bind to cell surface receptors and activate signaling pathways through second messengers (choice C). Proteins (choice D) are not hormones but rather macromolecules that can act as signaling molecules or receptors. Lipid solubility is crucial for hormones to exert their effects inside target cells, making choice A the correct answer.
A child visiting his grandfather at his farm returns home having fever, skin flush, dry mouth, constipation, dilated pupils, and increased heart rate. Which of the following could be the offending agent:
- A. Eating seeds containing atropine
- B. Exposure to malathion insecticide
- C. Wrong intake of echothiophate drops
- D. Ingestion of physostigmine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Eating seeds containing atropine. Atropine is a plant alkaloid commonly found in certain seeds that can cause symptoms such as fever, skin flush, dry mouth, constipation, dilated pupils, and increased heart rate when ingested. Atropine is known to have anticholinergic effects, which align with the symptoms presented by the child. Malathion (B) is an insecticide that typically causes different symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Echothiophate drops (C) are cholinesterase inhibitors used in the treatment of glaucoma, which would not produce the described symptoms. Physostigmine (D) is a cholinesterase inhibitor that would not cause symptoms of anticholinergic toxicity seen in the child.
A nurse working in an outpatient clinic plans a screening program for diabetes. What recommendations for screening should be included?
- A. OGTT for all minority populations every year
- B. FPG for all individuals at age 45 and then every 3 years
- C. Testing people under the age of 21 for islet cell antibodies
- D. Testing for type 2 diabetes in all overweight or obese individuals
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) should be tested for all individuals at age 45 and every 3 years thereafter.
Hyoscine produces all of the following actions EXCEPT:
- A. Sedation
- B. Antiemetic action
- C. Stimulation of the respiratory center
- D. Increase of salivary secretion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hyoscine, also known as scopolamine, is an anticholinergic drug that acts by blocking muscarinic receptors. It produces sedation by crossing the blood-brain barrier and affecting the central nervous system. Its antiemetic action is due to its ability to inhibit the vomiting center in the brain. Stimulation of the respiratory center is not a typical action of hyoscine. Lastly, hyoscine decreases salivary secretion due to its anticholinergic effects. Therefore, the correct answer is D (Increase of salivary secretion) as it is inconsistent with the pharmacological actions of hyoscine.