Nokea
Which of the following is NOT a random event
- A. Genetic recombination of VDJ segments for TCR assembly
- B. Genetic recombination of VDJ segments for BCR assembly
- C. CD4 vs CD8 T cell fate
- D. TH1 differentiation vs TH2 differentiation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, TH1 differentiation vs TH2 differentiation, as it is not a random event. TH1 and TH2 differentiation is determined by cytokine signals, not random chance. A, Genetic recombination of VDJ segments for TCR assembly, and B, Genetic recombination of VDJ segments for BCR assembly, involve random processes during immune cell development. C, CD4 vs CD8 T cell fate, is determined by random rearrangement of gene segments during T cell development. Thus, D is the only choice that does not involve a random event in immune cell development.
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Which scientist proposed the concept of clonal selection?
- A. Paul Ehrlich
- B. Macfarlane Burnet
- C. Louis Pasteur
- D. Elie Metchnikoff
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Macfarlane Burnet. Burnet proposed the concept of clonal selection in the 1950s to explain how the immune system recognizes and responds to specific antigens. He suggested that lymphocytes with receptors specific to antigens undergo clonal expansion upon encountering the antigen. This hypothesis laid the groundwork for our understanding of adaptive immunity.
A: Paul Ehrlich developed the side-chain theory of antibody formation, not clonal selection.
C: Louis Pasteur is known for his work in microbiology and vaccination, not clonal selection.
D: Elie Metchnikoff is credited with discovering phagocytosis, not clonal selection.
Which immune system function is most relevant to cancer?
- A. Suppressing cytokine release
- B. Promoting adaptive immunity only
- C. Identifying and eliminating abnormal cells
- D. Limiting the effectiveness of phagocytes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Identifying and eliminating abnormal cells. This function is most relevant to cancer because the immune system's ability to recognize and destroy abnormal cells is crucial in preventing the development and spread of cancer. The immune system constantly surveys the body for cells that have mutated or become cancerous, and when identified, it initiates an immune response to eliminate them. This process is essential for maintaining the body's health and preventing cancerous cells from proliferating.
Choice A (Suppressing cytokine release) is incorrect because cytokines play a role in regulating the immune response, which can be important in cancer immunity. Choice B (Promoting adaptive immunity only) is incorrect as both innate and adaptive immune responses are involved in combating cancer. Choice D (Limiting the effectiveness of phagocytes) is incorrect as phagocytes are important in recognizing and destroying cancer cells.
A patient is scheduled to have a tunneled catheter placed for administration of chemotherapy for breast cancer. When preparing the patient for the catheter insertion, what does the nurse explain about this method of chemotherapy administration?
- A. Decreases the risk for extravasation at the infusion site
- B. Reduces the incidence of systemic side effects of the drug
- C. Does not become occluded as peripherally inserted catheters can
- D. Allows continuous infusion of the drug directly to the area of the tumor
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Tunneled catheters reduce extravasation risks compared to peripheral lines by delivering medications centrally.
Which of the following is not a Covid-19 vaccine?
- A. Nuvaxovid
- B. Covovax
- C. Moderna
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Nuvaxovid is not a known Covid-19 vaccine.
2. Covovax and Moderna are both established Covid-19 vaccines.
3. "None of the above" includes all listed options, so it is not the correct answer.
4. Therefore, the correct answer is A: Nuvaxovid, as it is not a recognized Covid-19 vaccine.
The annotation C refers to which DNA component?
- A. Vector DNA
- B. Plasmid DNA
- C. Chromosomal DNA
- D. Recombinant DNA
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Chromosomal DNA. Chromosomal DNA refers to the DNA found in the chromosomes of an organism's nucleus, carrying the majority of its genetic information. In molecular biology, the annotation C typically refers to the chromosomal DNA of the organism being studied. Plasmid DNA (choice B) and vector DNA (choice A) are extrachromosomal DNA elements that are separate from the chromosomal DNA. Recombinant DNA (choice D) is a DNA molecule formed by combining DNA from different sources, which can include chromosomal, plasmid, or vector DNA. Therefore, the correct choice is C as it specifically refers to the chromosomal DNA component.