Nokea
Which of the following is NOT a type of hormone stimulus?
- A. hormonal stimulus
- B. humoral stimulus
- C. neural stimulus
- D. receptor-mediated stimulus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, receptor-mediated stimulus. Hormones can be stimulated by hormonal, humoral, or neural factors, but not directly by receptors. Hormonal stimulus involves other hormones triggering hormone release, humoral stimulus involves changing blood levels of ions or nutrients triggering hormone release, and neural stimulus involves direct nerve stimulation triggering hormone release. Receptor-mediated stimulus is not a recognized type of hormone stimulus because hormones do not directly respond to receptors in this context.
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Which of the following occur due to increased secretion of testosterone during puberty in male humans?
- A. 1, 2, 3 and 4
- B. 1, 2 and 3 only
- C. 1 and 2 only
- D. 3 and 4 only
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Increased muscle growth (1) is due to testosterone promoting protein synthesis, leading to muscle hypertrophy.
Step 2: Deepening of voice (2) is caused by testosterone thickening the vocal cords.
Step 3: Growth of facial hair (3) is stimulated by testosterone promoting hair follicle growth.
Step 4: Enlargement of testes (4) is a direct effect of increased testosterone levels. Therefore, choices A, B, C, and D are analyzed:
- B is incorrect as it excludes the enlargement of testes.
- C is incorrect as it excludes the growth of facial hair.
- D is incorrect as it excludes both muscle growth and the growth of facial hair.
Conclusion: Choice A is correct as it includes all the effects of increased testosterone secretion during puberty in male humans.
Identify the mechanisms that control the production and release of hormones.
- A. hormonal, neural and sensory
- B. hormonal, humoral and neural
- C. hormonal, humoral and sensory
- D. humoral, neural and sensory
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: hormonal, humoral, and neural. Hormonal regulation involves feedback loops where hormone levels control their own production. Humoral regulation involves substances in body fluids influencing hormone release. Neural regulation involves the nervous system influencing hormone production. Option A is incorrect because sensory mechanisms do not directly control hormone production. Option C is incorrect because sensory mechanisms are not typically involved in hormone regulation. Option D is incorrect because hormonal control is a key mechanism that was omitted.
The antagonistic hormone to calcitonin is _____.
- A. thyroxine.
- B. growth hormone.
- C. insulin.
- D. parathyroid hormone.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: parathyroid hormone. Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone regulate calcium levels in the blood. Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption, while parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels by promoting bone resorption. Thus, they have opposite effects on calcium regulation, making parathyroid hormone the antagonistic hormone to calcitonin. Thyroxine (A), growth hormone (B), and insulin (C) do not directly oppose the action of calcitonin in regulating calcium levels.
Antidiuretic hormone _______________.
- A. controls metabolic rate
- B. controls the amount of urine one produces
- C. increases blood sugar
- D. controls reproduction
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: controls the amount of urine one produces. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts on the kidneys to regulate water reabsorption, thereby controlling the amount of urine produced. It does not control metabolic rate (A), increase blood sugar (C), or control reproduction (D). ADH's main function is to maintain water balance in the body by reducing urine output.
A deficiency of ADH most likely:
- A. elevates blood glucose levels.
- B. causes diabetes mellitus.
- C. induces polyuria.
- D. expands blood volume.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) regulates water balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys.
2. A deficiency of ADH leads to decreased water reabsorption, resulting in increased urine output (polyuria).
3. Polyuria causes dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and concentrated urine.
4. Elevated blood glucose levels (choice A) and diabetes mellitus (choice B) are not directly related to ADH deficiency.
5. Expanding blood volume (choice D) would not occur due to decreased water reabsorption.
Summary:
A deficiency of ADH most likely induces polyuria by decreasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. Elevated blood glucose levels, diabetes mellitus, and expanding blood volume are not direct consequences of ADH deficiency.