Nokea
Which of the following is NOT true about the definition of acquired passive immunity
- A. Breast milk is an example
- B. It provides short term protection
- C. Can be transferred through the placenta
- D. It can be used for disease prevention
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: I'm sorry, but the correct answer is not provided in the choices given. Acquired passive immunity refers to the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another. Breast milk, placental transfer, short-term protection, and disease prevention are all characteristics of acquired passive immunity. Therefore, the correct answer is not presented in the options provided.
You may also like to solve these questions
Which of the following statements is incorrect about celiac disease?
- A. There is a strong genetic association: more than 90% of celiac patients express the HLA allele DO2 or DO8
- B. It is technically an allergy but has some features of autoimmunity
- C. The disease is mainly caused by an abnormal innate response to gluten while adaptive cells are not involved
- D. The disease is entirely driven by gluten exposure. The gut lesions observed in these patients disappeared upon removal of gluten from the diet
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because celiac disease primarily involves an abnormal adaptive immune response to gluten, not an innate response. Here's the rationale: 1) Celiac disease is characterized by a T-cell mediated response to gluten peptides in genetically susceptible individuals. 2) The adaptive immune system, particularly T cells, plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis by recognizing gluten peptides presented by HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 molecules. 3) This adaptive immune response leads to inflammation and damage to the intestinal mucosa. 4) In contrast, the innate immune system may also be activated, but it is not the primary driver of the disease.
Summary:
A: Correct - There is a strong genetic association with HLA alleles.
B: Incorrect - Celiac disease is primarily driven by an adaptive immune response, not just features of autoimmunity.
D: Incorrect - While gluten exposure triggers the immune response, the disease is not solely driven by gluten intake.
Emphysema is characterized by ______.
- A. the loss of elasticity of the lungs
- B. spasms of the bronchioles due to exposure to allergens
- C. abnormal growth of epithelial cells that line the bronchioles
- D. excessive mucus production in the lower respiratory pathways
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
A: Emphysema is characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls and loss of elasticity of the lungs, leading to air trapping and difficulty exhaling. This results in reduced gas exchange and airflow limitation.
B: Bronchospasms are more commonly associated with conditions like asthma, not emphysema.
C: Abnormal growth of epithelial cells is seen in conditions like lung cancer, not emphysema.
D: Excessive mucus production is characteristic of conditions like chronic bronchitis, not emphysema.
Summary: The correct answer is A because emphysema specifically involves the loss of elasticity of the lungs due to destruction of alveoli, leading to impaired airflow. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they describe features more indicative of other respiratory conditions.
Which cytokine group is most commonly associated with antiviral responses?
- A. Interleukins
- B. Interferons
- C. Tumor necrosis factors
- D. Transforming growth factors
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Interferons are the correct answer as they are a cytokine group primarily associated with antiviral responses. They play a key role in the immune response against viral infections by inhibiting viral replication and spreading to other cells. Interleukins are more diverse and involved in various immune responses, not specifically antiviral. Tumor necrosis factors are more related to inflammation and cell death. Transforming growth factors are involved in cell growth and differentiation, not primarily antiviral responses. Therefore, B: Interferons is the most appropriate choice for cytokine group associated with antiviral responses.
Superoxide dismutase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of oxygen radicals to peroxides. Which groups of organisms do not have this enzyme?
- A. aerobes
- B. facultative anaerobes
- C. oxyduric anaerobes
- D. oxylabile anaerobes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: oxylabile anaerobes. These organisms cannot survive in the presence of oxygen and are sensitive to oxygen radicals. Superoxide dismutase is essential for organisms that are exposed to oxygen, as it helps convert harmful oxygen radicals into less harmful peroxides. Therefore, organisms that lack this enzyme, like oxylabile anaerobes, would not be able to detoxify oxygen radicals and would not survive in aerobic environments.
A: Aerobes have superoxide dismutase to protect against oxygen radicals.
B: Facultative anaerobes can switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism and would benefit from having superoxide dismutase.
C: Oxyduric anaerobes are resistant to oxygen and can still benefit from superoxide dismutase for detoxification.
What dietary advice should the nurse give to clients with HIV/AIDS?
- A. Encourage intake of fat-soluble vitamins in amounts two to five times the RDA
- B. Encourage intake of water-soluble vitamins in amounts two to five times the RDA
- C. Increase the intake of iron and zinc
- D. Decrease the intake of trace element and antioxidant supplements
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Water-soluble vitamins are crucial for immune function and are often depleted in HIV/AIDS patients so increasing their intake is beneficial.