Which of the following is NOT true of growth hormone?
- A. stimulates rate of amino acid entrance into the cell
- B. stimulates protein synthesis in bones, cartilage, and muscles
- C. promotes glucose metabolism
- D. promotes fat metabolism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: growth hormone does not promote glucose metabolism. Growth hormone primarily promotes protein synthesis in bones, cartilage, and muscles (B), stimulates the rate of amino acid entrance into the cell (A), and promotes fat metabolism (D). Glucose metabolism is mainly regulated by insulin, not growth hormone.
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The diabetic patient has all of these assessment findings. Which will you instruct the LPN/LVN to report immediately?
- A. Fingerstick glucose of 185 mg/dL
- B. Numbness and tingling in both feet
- C. Profuse perspiration
- D. Bunion on left great toe
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Numbness and tingling in both feet are signs of diabetic neuropathy and could be indicative of a worsening condition that requires immediate reporting.
What is a potential adverse effect of palpation of an enlarged thyroid gland?
- A. Carotid artery obstruction
- B. Damage to the cricoid cartilage
- C. Release of excessive thyroid hormone into circulation
- D. Hoarseness from pressure on the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Palpation of an enlarged thyroid gland may trigger the release of excessive thyroid hormone, especially if the thyroid is overactive, such as in Graves' disease.
Which is not a function of the hypothalamus?
- A. Affect heart rate
- B. Control temperature
- C. Affect water balance
- D. Secrete FSH
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Secrete FSH. The hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the pituitary gland's secretion of hormones such as FSH. The hypothalamus itself does not secrete FSH. A, B, and C are functions of the hypothalamus as it is involved in regulating heart rate, temperature control, and water balance through various hormonal and neural pathways.
Which nerve is NOT involved in the efferent (motor) swallow reflex?
- A. trigeminal
- B. vagus
- C. facial
- D. hypoglossal
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: vagus. The efferent (motor) swallow reflex involves motor nerves that control swallowing muscles. The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) is primarily responsible for the afferent (sensory) component of the swallow reflex, while the efferent component is carried out by other cranial nerves such as the glossopharyngeal (IX), facial (VII), and hypoglossal (XII) nerves. Therefore, the vagus nerve is not directly involved in the efferent motor response during swallowing. Trigeminal (V), facial (VII), and hypoglossal (XII) nerves play essential roles in the motor aspects of swallowing, making them incorrect choices.
Which of the following best describes the function of insulin?
- A. Lowers blood glucose levels.
- B. Stimulates cells to make glucose (gluconeogenesis).
- C. Deficiency causes diabetes insipidus.
- D. Decreases blood volume.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lowers blood glucose levels. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells for energy storage. This process reduces the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because insulin does not stimulate cells to make glucose (B), deficiency does not cause diabetes insipidus (C), and it does not directly affect blood volume (D).