Nokea
Which of the following is the main reason why older clients with AIDS need more care than their younger counterparts?
- A. Because older clients lack in balanced diet and activity
- B. Because older clients lack knowledge about disorders
- C. Because older clients have a faster progression of disease
- D. Because older clients do not generally adhere to a therapy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Older clients with AIDS often experience a faster progression of the disease due to age-related declines in immune function.
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Which of the following sentences concerned with lymph node structure is incorrect?
- A. naïve B lymphocytes are found in the cortex
- B. naïve T lymphocytes are found in the paracortex
- C. naïve lymphocytes enter the lymph node through the efferent lymphatic vessel
- D. Antigens can enter the lymph node through afferent lymphatic vessels
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
C is incorrect because naïve lymphocytes actually enter the lymph node through the afferent lymphatic vessel, not the efferent. A carries lymphocytes into the lymph node, and D is true since antigens enter through afferent vessels. B is correct, as naïve T cells are found in the paracortex.
What is the primary advantage of Toll-like receptors (TLRs)?
- A. They are highly specific to individual pathogens
- B. They recognize common molecular patterns shared by groups of microbes
- C. They activate B cell antibody production
- D. They require antigen presentation to function
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize common molecular patterns shared by groups of microbes, allowing for rapid detection of a wide range of pathogens. This recognition triggers immune responses without the need for prior exposure to the specific pathogen. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: TLRs are not highly specific to individual pathogens but rather recognize common patterns.
C: TLRs do not directly activate B cell antibody production; they initiate immune responses by activating various immune cells.
D: TLRs do not require antigen presentation to function; they directly recognize microbial patterns.
If you were to observe the activity of methylated DNA, you would expect it to
- A. be unwinding in preparation for protein synthesis.
- B. be replicating nearly continuously.
- C. have turned off or slowed down the process of transcription.
- D. induce protein synthesis by not allowing repressors to bind to it.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because methylation of DNA typically results in the inhibition or slowing down of transcription. Methylated DNA attracts proteins that bind to it, preventing transcription factors from accessing the DNA and initiating transcription. This interference with the transcription process leads to gene silencing or reduced gene expression.
A: DNA unwinding in preparation for protein synthesis is unrelated to DNA methylation.
B: Continuous replication is not a typical consequence of DNA methylation.
D: Methylation does not directly induce protein synthesis but rather affects transcription by influencing gene expression.
T regulatory cells are NOT
- A. Generated in the thymus upon expression of Foxp3
- B. Generated in the periphery in response to cytokines
- C. Able to inhibit effector T cells
- D. Able to cause immunity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because T regulatory cells are known to suppress immune responses and promote immune tolerance, which is opposite to causing immunity. Choice A is incorrect because T regulatory cells are indeed generated in the thymus upon expression of Foxp3. Choice B is incorrect as T regulatory cells can also be generated in the periphery in response to cytokines. Choice C is incorrect as T regulatory cells are known to inhibit effector T cells to regulate immune responses.
Which of the following statements is false about dendritic cells
- A. Found in tissues
- B. Are sessile cells only found in lymph nodes
- C. Express high levels of MHC molecules
- D. Best at activating naïve T cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because dendritic cells are not only found in lymph nodes but also in tissues. These cells are antigen-presenting cells that capture and present antigens to T cells. A, C, and D are true statements about dendritic cells: A) They are found in tissues, C) They express high levels of MHC molecules for antigen presentation, and D) They are best at activating naive T cells due to their ability to prime adaptive immune responses.