Nokea
Which of the following patients would be at higher risk of experiencing adverse drug reactions (ADRs):
- A. A 32-year-old male
- B. A 22-year-old female
- C. A 3-month-old female
- D. A 48-year-old male
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Infants like a 3-month-old have immature organ systems, increasing ADR risk compared to healthy adults.
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Administration of sulfonamide may intensify the action of tolbutamide, through:
- A. Activation of the islets of pancreas
- B. Direct action on the utilization of glucose
- C. Synergistic action
- D. Competing with tolbutamide in plasma protein binding
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Sulfonamides displace tolbutamide from plasma proteins, increasing free drug levels and enhancing its hypoglycemic effect.
A patient is considering using herbal supplements and asks the nurse about them. Which response by the nurse would be most appropriate?
- A. Herbal supplements are safe to use because they are regulated closely.'
- B. Herbal supplements can affect the way other medications will act.'
- C. Taking more than the recommended amount usually is not harmful because they are natural.'
- D. The risk of the supplement interacting with any prescription medications is extremely low.'
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The nurse needs to explain to the patient that just because an herbal supplement is labeled 'natural' does not mean the supplement is safe or without harmful effects. Herbal supplements can act the same way as drugs and can cause medical problems if not used correctly or if taken in large amounts. Herbal supplements are not regulated by the FDA, so products lack standardization in relation to purity and potency. In addition, the patient should be warned not to take more than the recommended dose of any herbal health product or supplement. The problems that these products can cause are much more likely to occur if the patient takes too much or takes them for too long.
When a pharmacoeconomic analysis looks at two or more treatment alternatives that are considered equal in efficacy and compares the costs of each it is referred to as:
- A. Cost-minimization analysis
- B. Cost-of-illness analysis
- C. Cost-effectiveness analysis
- D. Cost-benefit analysis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cost-minimization analysis compares costs of equally effective treatments.
Which example best demonstrates safe drug administration by the nurse?
- A. Administering an oral medication with the patient sitting upright
- B. Asking children to say their name before administering the medication
- C. Leaving the medications on the bedside stand after verifying patient identification
- D. Returning the unused portion of a medication to a stock supply bottle
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Sitting the patient upright for oral medications is safe medication practice. Children should never be asked their names as a means of positive identification. Remaining with a patient until the drug is swallowed is safe practice. Returning an unused portion of medication to the stock supply bottle is not safe medication practice.
The nurse is counseling a patient who wants to stop smoking. Which statement by the nurse is correct?
- A. Bupropion (Zyban) is effective and does not have serious adverse effects
- B. Nicotine replacement therapies are effective and eliminate the need for behavioral therapy
- C. Varenicline (Chantix) may be used short-term for 1 to 2 months
- D. You may experience headaches and increased appetite for several months after stopping smoking
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Headaches and appetite increase are common nicotine withdrawal symptoms; bupropion has side effects, and varenicline is longer-term. Headaches and increased appetite are common during nicotine withdrawal and may last for several months.