Nokea
Which of the following semisynthetic penicillins which has an extended spectrum of activity against many gram negative bacilli, is acid resistant but not penicillinase resistant?:
- A. Cloxacillin
- B. Amoxicillin
- C. Phenoxymethyl penicillin
- D. Piperacillin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Amoxicillin. This penicillin has an extended spectrum of activity against gram-negative bacilli, making it effective against a wider range of bacteria. It is acid-resistant, allowing it to be taken orally, but it is not penicillinase-resistant, meaning it can be easily degraded by beta-lactamase enzymes.
A: Cloxacillin is penicillinase-resistant but does not have an extended spectrum against gram-negative bacilli.
C: Phenoxymethyl penicillin is not acid-resistant and does not have an extended spectrum against gram-negative bacilli.
D: Piperacillin has an extended spectrum of activity but is not acid-resistant and is susceptible to penicillinase.
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The drug of choice for treatment and secondary prophylaxis against * cryptococcal meningitis among AIDS patients is:
- A. Amphotericin B
- B. Flucytosine
- C. Fluconazole
- D. Ketoconazole
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Fluconazole. Fluconazole is the drug of choice for treating and preventing *cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS patients due to its excellent CNS penetration and efficacy. It is preferred over Amphotericin B due to its better safety profile and tolerability. Flucytosine is not used as monotherapy and is often combined with other antifungals. Ketoconazole is not recommended for cryptococcal meningitis due to poor CNS penetration.
Which of the following is true of nephrons?
- A. they are the functional units of the kidneys
- B. the proximal convoluted tubules allow the kidney to concentrate or dilute urine
- C. there are about a million nephrons in each kidney
- D. both a and c are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Identify key characteristics of nephrons - functional units of kidneys, responsible for urine formation.
Step 2: Confirm accuracy of statements - A: Nephrons are functional units. C: About a million nephrons in each kidney.
Step 3: Combine statements - A + C = D, confirming both are correct.
Step 4: Justify choice D - correct because nephrons are indeed functional units and there are approximately a million in each kidney.
Summary: B is incorrect as the proximal convoluted tubules are not solely responsible for urine concentration/dilution. Choice D is correct as it combines the accurate statements from A and C.
The nurse is performing a focused genitourinary and the flank and lower abdomen. The patient is being renal assessment of a patient. Where should the nurse assessed for renal calculi. The nurse recognizes that the assess for pain at the costovertebral angle? stone is most likely in what anatomic location?
- A. At the umbilicus and the right lower quadrant of the
- B. Meatus
- C. Bladder
- D. Ureter
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Ureter. The nurse should assess for pain at the costovertebral angle to check for renal calculi because the ureters connect the kidneys to the bladder and flank pain at this angle can indicate ureteral obstruction from a renal stone. Assessing at the umbilicus (choice A) or meatus (choice B) would not provide information specific to renal calculi. Assessing at the bladder (choice C) would be more relevant for bladder issues, not renal calculi.
The commonest type of ureteric calculus is
- A. calcium oxalate
- B. triple phosphate
- C. urate
- D. cysteine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: calcium oxalate. This is because calcium oxalate stones are the most common type of ureteric calculus, accounting for around 75% of cases. They form due to an excess of calcium and oxalate in the urine. Triple phosphate stones (choice B) are more commonly found in the bladder and are associated with urinary tract infections. Urate stones (choice C) are less common and typically seen in patients with gout or acidic urine. Cysteine stones (choice D) are rare and usually seen in patients with a genetic disorder affecting cysteine metabolism.
Dialysis is used to treat patients with:
- A. Acute glomerulonephritis.
- B. Renal failure.
- C. Nephrolithiasis.
- D. Pyelonephritis.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Renal failure is a condition where the kidneys are unable to adequately filter waste from the blood.
2. Dialysis is a treatment used to perform the functions of the kidneys in patients with renal failure.
3. Dialysis helps remove excess waste, fluids, and toxins from the blood, maintaining proper electrolyte balance.
4. Patients with acute glomerulonephritis, nephrolithiasis, and pyelonephritis may not require dialysis as their conditions do not directly affect kidney function to the extent that renal failure does.
Summary:
- A: Acute glomerulonephritis does not always lead to renal failure requiring dialysis.
- C: Nephrolithiasis is the formation of kidney stones and may not always require dialysis.
- D: Pyelonephritis is a kidney infection and may not necessarily lead to renal failure requiring dialysis.