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Which of the following statement concerning Influenza infection is NOT true?
- A. There is evidence that the infection is less common in spring/summer because the transmission of bigger droplets formed at higher temperatures requires more close contact among people
- B. People infected with Flu can spread the disease before becoming symptomatic
- C. The human strains infect cells of the respiratory tract and also extensively infect epithelial cells throughout the body, explaining the systemic symptoms of influenza
- D. The virus hemagglutinin (HA) allows cell infection via the binding to sialic acid on carbohydrates expressed on host cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because it states that human strains of Influenza extensively infect epithelial cells throughout the body, which is not true. Influenza primarily infects cells of the respiratory tract, leading to respiratory symptoms. Systemic symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and muscle aches are more related to the body's immune response rather than widespread infection of epithelial cells throughout the body. This statement is incorrect as it misrepresents the pathogenesis of Influenza. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they are all true statements supported by scientific evidence regarding Influenza transmission, asymptomatic spread, and viral entry mechanism, respectively.
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All of the following are true with respect to IgM antibodies EXCEPT which one
- A. they fix complement
- B. they occur on the surface of lymphocytes
- C. they predominate in the primary response to antigen
- D. mediate allergic reactions
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. IgM antibodies do not mediate allergic reactions. IgE antibodies are responsible for allergic reactions. IgM antibodies fix complement, occur on the surface of lymphocytes, and predominate in the primary response to antigens. IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection, playing a key role in the activation of the complement system. IgM antibodies are mainly found in the blood and lymphatic system, not on the surface of lymphocytes. IgE antibodies are the primary mediators of allergic reactions by triggering the release of histamine and other inflammatory molecules.
If HLA-DR4 is considered a 'risk' allele for disease 'X', this means:
- A. All individuals with the HLA-DR4 allele will get disease X
- B. All individuals with disease X have the HLA-DR4 allele
- C. An individual with the HLA-DR4 allele has an increased chance of developing disease X compared to other individuals
- D. All of the above are true
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because having the HLA-DR4 allele increases the likelihood of developing disease X but does not guarantee it. Choice A is incorrect because not all individuals with HLA-DR4 will get disease X. Choice B is incorrect because not all individuals with disease X have the HLA-DR4 allele. Choice D is incorrect because it falsely states that all statements are true, which is not the case.
is a gaseous by-product of natural gas combustion plant hormone
- A. auxin
- B. Gibberellins
- C. Ethylene
- D. All above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Ethylene. Ethylene is indeed a gaseous plant hormone produced during the combustion of natural gas. It plays a crucial role in various plant processes such as fruit ripening, senescence, and stress responses.
A: Auxin is not a gaseous hormone and is primarily involved in promoting cell elongation and root growth.
B: Gibberellins are not gaseous hormones and mainly regulate plant growth processes like stem elongation and seed germination.
D: The statement "All above" is incorrect as auxin and gibberellins are not gaseous hormones, only ethylene fits the description.
Therefore, choice C, Ethylene, is the correct answer as it is the gaseous by-product of natural gas combustion and a plant hormone.
A patient with chronic hepatitis C has been receiving interferon alfa-2a (Roferon-A) injections for the last month. Which information gathered during a visit in the home to conduct an interview and physical assessment is most important to communicate to the physician?
- A. The patient has chronic nausea and vomiting.
- B. The patient is giving the medication by the IM route to her lateral thigh.
- C. The patient has a temperature of 99.7°F orally.
- D. The patient complains of chronic fatigue,muscle aches and anorexia.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Chronic nausea and vomiting can lead to dehydration and malnutrition which are serious complications that need to be addressed. While the other symptoms are common side effects of interferon therapy they are less urgent than persistent nausea and vomiting.
Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with granulomatous hypersensitivity?
- A. Crohn's disease
- B. Sarcoidosis
- C. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- D. Tuberculosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Granulomatous hypersensitivity is characterized by the formation of granulomas in response to persistent antigen exposure. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease involving immune complex deposition and inflammation, not granuloma formation. Crohn's disease, sarcoidosis, and tuberculosis are commonly associated with granulomatous hypersensitivity due to their chronic inflammatory nature and granuloma formation in affected tissues. SLE does not typically present with granulomas, making it the correct answer.