Nokea
Which of the following statements accurately describe genetic testing (select all that apply)?
- A. Results of genetic testing may raise psychologic and emotional issues.
- B. An ethical issue that is raised with genetic testing is protection of privacy to prevent discrimination.
- C. Genetic testing of the mother can be used to determine an unborn child’s risk of having genetic conditions.
- D. An example of genetic testing that is required by all states is premarital testing of women for the hemophilia gene.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Genetic testing raises psychological and ethical concerns, helps assess risks in unborn children, and includes tests like BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation screening. Premarital hemophilia testing is not universally mandated.
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Which cytokine category is associated with tumor necrosis factors?
- A. Interleukins
- B. Interferons
- C. TNF-alpha and TNF-beta
- D. TGF-beta
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: TNF-alpha and TNF-beta. Tumor necrosis factors (TNF) are a specific category of cytokines known for their role in promoting inflammation and inducing cell death in tumor cells. TNF-alpha and TNF-beta are two key members of this cytokine category. Interleukins (choice A) are a different group of cytokines involved in immune responses. Interferons (choice B) are cytokines that help regulate the immune system's response to viral infections. TGF-beta (choice D) is a cytokine involved in regulating cell growth and differentiation, but not specifically associated with tumor necrosis factors.
CD8+ T cells
- A. Have cytotoxic function
- B. Recognize antigen in the context of MHC I molecules
- C. Can kill virus-infected cells
- D. Can kill tumor cells
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: I apologize, but the question you provided does not have a correct answer option listed. Could you please provide the correct answer option for me to provide a detailed explanation of why it is correct and summarize why the other choices are incorrect?
What term describes the increased affinity of antibodies during a secondary response?
- A. Isotype switching
- B. Affinity maturation
- C. Somatic recombination
- D. Clonal expansion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Affinity maturation. During a secondary immune response, B cells undergo somatic hypermutation, leading to the production of antibodies with higher affinity for the antigen. This process occurs in germinal centers within secondary lymphoid organs. Isotype switching (A) refers to the change in antibody class but not affinity. Somatic recombination (C) is the process of creating diverse antibody repertoires. Clonal expansion (D) involves the proliferation of antigen-specific B cells but does not directly address affinity enhancement.
When comparing the types of viruses that infect bacteria, plants, and vertebrate animals, what trends appear from bacterial to vertebrate viral groups?
- A. Less complex-type forms
- B. more enveloped forms
- C. fewer enveloped forms
- D. same number of DNA-containing forms
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: more enveloped forms. This trend can be explained by the complexity of host organisms. Bacteria have simple cell structures, making enveloped viruses less common. As we move from bacteria to plants and vertebrate animals, the complexity of host cells increases, leading to a higher prevalence of enveloped viruses. This trend is due to the need for enveloped viruses to evade the host's immune system and facilitate entry into host cells. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not consider the relationship between virus structure and host complexity.
In the 1960s, smallpox was endemic:
- A. In many developing countries
- B. In North America
- C. In England
- D. Globally
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: In many developing countries. Smallpox was indeed endemic in many developing countries in the 1960s, causing significant morbidity and mortality. This is supported by historical records and epidemiological data from that time period. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because smallpox was not endemic in North America, England, or globally during the 1960s. Smallpox eradication efforts led to the global eradication of the disease in 1980, but in the 1960s, it was still prevalent in many developing countries.