Nokea
Which of the following statements is incorrect in describing the ADEC categorisation of drugs for Pregnancy?
- A. They are based on animal reproductive toxicology
- B. They are based on evidence available at the time of introduction of the drug
- C. The categorisations are revised as new evidence become available
- D. They are based on prospective studies
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: ADEC's pregnancy drug tags lean on animal data, initial evidence, and updates not prospective human studies, a gap. Animal tox sets baselines, launch data locks in, new proof shifts prospective's too slow. Pharmacists read this, a chronic caution grid.
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What is the most influential source of self-efficacy?
- A. Mastery
- B. Affective states
- C. Verbal persuasion
- D. Vicarious experience
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Self-efficacy's backbone is mastery past wins breed belief, a nurse's gold for chronic self-care push. Watching others, pep talks, or mood sway less; doing it trumps all, a confidence anchor in illness battles.
An older adult patient who has colorectal cancer is receiving IV fluids at 175 mL/hr in conjunction with the prescribed chemotherapy. Which finding by the nurse is most important to report to the health care provider?
- A. Patient complains of severe fatigue.
- B. Patient voids every hour during the day.
- C. Patient takes only 50% of meals and refuses snacks.
- D. Patient has crackles up to the midline posterior chest.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: High-rate fluids (175 mL/hr) plus chemo in an older colorectal patient can swamp the heart crackles to midline yell heart failure, trumping fatigue , peeing , or poor eating . Nurses in oncology flag this lungs drowning need stat help, a fluid overload crisis.
The best way to prevent chronic complications of diabetes is to:
- A. Take medications as prescribed and remove sugar from the diet completely.
- B. Check feet daily for cuts, long toe nails and infections between the toes.
- C. Maintain a BGL that is as close to normal as possible.
- D. Undertake daily exercise to burn up the excess glucose in the system.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Preventing diabetes complications (e.g., neuropathy, retinopathy) hinges on glycemic control. Medications and sugar elimination help, but total sugar removal is impractical carbohydrates are broader, and control, not absence, matters. Daily foot checks prevent ulcers but address consequences, not root causes. Maintaining blood glucose levels (BGL) near normal (e.g., HbA1c <7%) via diet, exercise, and drugs prevents microvascular (kidney, eye) and macrovascular (heart) damage, per ADA guidelines. Exercise burns glucose, aiding control, but isn't singularly best' it's part of a triad. Tight BGL management reduces oxidative stress, glycation, and vascular injury, evidenced by trials (e.g., DCCT), making it the cornerstone strategy over isolated tactics, ensuring long-term organ protection.
For a patient who is receiving chemotherapy, which laboratory result is of particular importance?
- A. WBC
- B. PT and PTT
- C. Electrolytes
- D. BUN
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Chemotherapy suppresses bone marrow, slashing white blood cell counts especially neutrophils heightening infection risk, making WBC monitoring paramount. Low counts trigger protective measures or treatment holds, directly tied to therapy's myelosuppressive core. PT and PTT track clotting, relevant for bleeding but less immediate. Electrolytes matter for overall status, but imbalances aren't chemotherapy's primary threat. BUN reflects kidney function, indirectly affected by some drugs, not the frontline concern. WBC's critical drop demands swift action fevers in neutropenia are emergencies underscoring its priority in safeguarding patients through treatment's immune-compromising phases.
A study by Epstein & Sowers found that hypertension was X times as prevalent in patients with diabetes compared to the general population. What is X?
- A. Two
- B. Three
- C. Four
- D. Five
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Diabetes doubles hypertension's odds Epstein & Sowers peg it at two times higher, as insulin resistance and vascular stiffness team up, amplifying prevalence over the general crowd. Three, four, five, or six inflate the risk beyond data, skewing the synergy. This duo's frequent dance tied to shared pathways like RAAS pushes clinicians to screen harder, tackling both to cut cardiovascular and renal doom, a chronic combo grounded in solid stats.