Nokea
Which of these digestive processes occurs in the mouth?
- A. chemical digestion of proteins
- B. mechanical digestion of food
- C. chemical digestion of starch
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: chemical digestion of starch. In the mouth, salivary glands secrete enzymes like amylase to break down starch into simpler sugars. This process initiates the digestion of carbohydrates. Mechanical digestion (Choice B) occurs in the mouth through chewing and mixing food with saliva, but it does not involve chemical breakdown. Chemical digestion of proteins (Choice A) primarily occurs in the stomach and small intestine with the help of enzymes like pepsin and trypsin. Choice D is incorrect because not all the processes listed occur in the mouth.
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Which part(s) of the pharynx normally conduct food?
- A. oropharynx only
- B. oropharynx, laryngopharynx and nasopharynx
- C. nasopharynx only
- D. oropharynx and laryngopharynx
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale:
1. The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are parts of the pharynx involved in the digestive system.
2. The oropharynx receives food from the mouth, while the laryngopharynx leads to the esophagus.
3. The nasopharynx is not involved in food digestion, it connects to the nasal cavity.
4. The laryngopharynx is crucial in guiding food towards the esophagus.
Summary:
A: Incorrect, as the oropharynx alone does not cover the entire pathway of food.
B: Incorrect, as the nasopharynx is not involved in food passage.
C: Incorrect, as it excludes the laryngopharynx which is essential for food digestion.
Which of the following hormones stimulates the release of gastric acid?
- A. gastrin
- B. secretin
- C. insulin
- D. cholecystokinin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: gastrin. Gastrin is a hormone produced by G cells in the stomach lining that stimulates the release of gastric acid. It acts directly on parietal cells to increase acid secretion. Secretin (B) stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion, not gastric acid. Insulin (C) regulates blood sugar levels, not gastric acid secretion. Cholecystokinin (D) stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and pancreatic enzymes, not gastric acid.
What should the nurse plan to teach about to a patient with Crohn's disease who has megaloblastic anemia?
- A. Iron dextran infusions
- B. Oral ferrous sulfate tablets
- C. Routine blood transfusions
- D. Cobalamin (B ) supplements
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Cobalamin (B ) supplements. Patients with Crohn's disease often have malabsorption issues leading to megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency. Cobalamin supplements are essential for treating such anemia. Iron dextran infusions (A) and oral ferrous sulfate tablets (B) are used to treat iron deficiency anemia, not megaloblastic anemia. Routine blood transfusions (C) do not address the underlying cause of megaloblastic anemia in Crohn's disease.
The nurse is educating a patient who is starting treatment with warfarin. Which instruction is most important to include in the teaching plan?
- A. "You can continue taking your aspirin as prescribed."
- B. "Be sure to have regular blood tests to monitor your INR."
- C. "You should increase your intake of vitamin K-rich foods."
- D. "If you miss a dose, double the dose the next day."
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: "Be sure to have regular blood tests to monitor your INR." Warfarin is a medication that requires close monitoring of the International Normalized Ratio (INR) to ensure it is within the therapeutic range. Regular blood tests are crucial to prevent complications such as bleeding or blood clots.
Choice A is incorrect because aspirin increases the risk of bleeding when taken with warfarin. Choice C is incorrect because increasing vitamin K-rich foods can interfere with the effectiveness of warfarin. Choice D is incorrect because doubling the dose can lead to an increased risk of bleeding. Regular monitoring of INR levels is essential for safe and effective warfarin therapy.
In planning a treatment and prevention program of chronic fecal incontinence for an elderly client, which intervention should you try first?
- A. Administer a glycerin suppository 15 minutes before evacuation time.
- B. Insert a rectal tube at specified intervals each day.
- C. Assist the client to the bedpan or toilet 30 minutes after meals.
- D. Use incontinence briefs or adult-sized diapers.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Assist the client to the bedpan or toilet 30 minutes after meals. This intervention is appropriate as it aligns with the natural physiological process of bowel movements after meals, increasing the likelihood of successful evacuation. This timing can help establish a routine and promote regular bowel movements, potentially reducing episodes of fecal incontinence.
Choice A is incorrect because administering a glycerin suppository may not address the underlying cause of fecal incontinence and may not promote regular bowel movements. Choice B is incorrect as inserting a rectal tube is an invasive intervention that should only be considered after less invasive methods have been exhausted. Choice D is incorrect as using incontinence briefs or adult-sized diapers only manages the symptoms without addressing the root cause or promoting bowel regularity.