Which of these is a function of the large intestine?
- A. nutrient absorption
- B. bile production
- C. water absorption
- D. enzyme secretion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: water absorption. The large intestine's main function is to absorb water and electrolytes from the indigestible food residue that enters it from the small intestine. This process helps in the formation of solid feces. Nutrient absorption primarily occurs in the small intestine (A). Bile production is done by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, not in the large intestine (B). Enzyme secretion primarily occurs in the small intestine and other digestive organs, not in the large intestine (D). Therefore, C is the correct answer as it aligns with the main function of the large intestine.
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Which statement about the oral phase of digestion is INCORRECT?
- A. About 2% of the energy content of food is expended during the action of chewing and swallowing it.
- B. Swallowing involves contraction and relaxation of at least 14 groups of muscles in about 10 seconds in healthy subjects
- C. The biofilm covering tooth enamel contains several salivary and bacterial enzymes
- D. Salivary amylase digests the dextran film on tooth enamel formed from dietary sucrose
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Salivary amylase primarily digests carbohydrates in the oral cavity, breaking down starch into simpler sugars like maltose. It does not directly target the dextran film on tooth enamel formed from dietary sucrose. This film is typically broken down by dental plaque bacteria, not salivary amylase. Therefore, option D is incorrect.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A: This statement is correct. Chewing and swallowing do require energy expenditure.
B: This statement is correct. Swallowing involves the coordinated action of multiple muscle groups.
C: This statement is correct. The biofilm on tooth enamel contains enzymes from both saliva and bacteria, contributing to oral digestion.
Bile salts combine with fatty acids to form complexes called _____ that facilitate absorption.
- A. chylomicrons
- B. micelles
- C. globules
- D. lipoproteins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: micelles. Bile salts emulsify fats in the small intestine, forming micelles that enhance the absorption of fatty acids. Chylomicrons (A) are large lipoprotein particles that transport dietary lipids, not complexes with bile salts. Globules (C) are not specifically related to bile salts and fatty acids. Lipoproteins (D) are also involved in lipid transport but are not the complexes formed by bile salts and fatty acids. Thus, choice B is the correct answer as it directly relates to the process of fat absorption facilitated by bile salts.
Which of the following statements is TRUE? The protein FOXO1:
- A. activates (increases the expression of) genes related to greater longevity
- B. is activated by caloric restriction
- C. is deactivated by increased insulin signalling
- D. all of the above are true
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. FOXO1 activates genes related to greater longevity by regulating stress responses and promoting cell survival.
2. Caloric restriction activates FOXO1 to promote cellular stress resistance and increase lifespan.
3. Increased insulin signaling deactivates FOXO1, leading to decreased stress resistance and potentially shorter lifespan.
4. Therefore, all the statements (A, B, and C) are true regarding the protein FOXO1. It plays a crucial role in longevity through gene regulation, is activated by caloric restriction, and is deactivated by increased insulin signaling.
The processes of chewing are referred to as _____.
- A. churning
- B. mastication
- C. peristalsis
- D. deglutition
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: mastication. Mastication refers to the mechanical process of chewing food in the mouth using the teeth and jaws. This process breaks down food into smaller pieces, making it easier to swallow and digest. Churning (A) is the mixing of food with digestive enzymes in the stomach. Peristalsis (C) is the involuntary muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract. Deglutition (D) is the process of swallowing food. Mastication is the most appropriate term for the process of chewing specifically.
Priority Decision: Before administering a bolus of intermittent tube feeding to a patient with a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), the nurse aspirates 220 mL of gastric contents. How should the nurse respond?
- A. Return the aspirate to the stomach and recheck the volume of aspirate in an hour.
- B. Return the aspirate to the stomach and continue with the tube feeding as planned.
- C. Discard the aspirate to prevent overdistending the stomach when the new feeding is given.
- D. Notify the health care provider that the feedings have been scheduled too frequently to allow for stomach emptying
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Returning the aspirate to the stomach and continuing the feeding is standard practice as long as the volume is within safe limits.