Nokea
Which one of the following hormones is secreted by neurones?
- A. Insulin
- B. Oxytocin
- C. Thyroid stimulating hormone
- D. Cortisol
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Oxytocin. Neurones secrete oxytocin, a hormone involved in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation. Neurones release oxytocin from the hypothalamus into the bloodstream. Insulin is secreted by pancreatic cells, not neurones. Thyroid stimulating hormone is produced by the pituitary gland, and cortisol is released by the adrenal glands. Therefore, the correct answer is oxytocin as it is the hormone secreted by neurones.
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Which row shows active transport?
- A. particles move from high concentration to low concentration, particles move from low concentration to high concentration, requires energy
- B. particles move from high concentration to low concentration, particles move from low concentration to high concentration, requires energy
- C. particles move from high concentration to low concentration, particles move from low concentration to high concentration, requires energy
- D. particles move from high concentration to low concentration, particles move from low concentration to high concentration, requires energy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because active transport involves the movement of particles from low concentration to high concentration, which goes against the natural flow of diffusion and requires energy input. In active transport, cells use ATP to pump substances across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient. This process allows cells to accumulate essential molecules or ions that are needed in higher concentrations inside the cell. Choices A, B, and D all describe passive transport processes where particles move with the concentration gradient and do not require energy input.
A patient presents with tiredness, weakness, anorexia, apathy, abdominal pain, hyperpigmentation and postural hypertension. Upon infection he appears to be in cardiogenic shock and his blood volume is depleted. His sodium levels are low, potassium levels are high. Which of the following would also be elevated?
- A. TSH
- B. T4
- C. Adrenal hormone
- D. ACTH
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: ACTH. In this scenario, the patient is exhibiting symptoms of adrenal insufficiency, specifically Addison's disease. ACTH levels would be elevated due to the lack of negative feedback from cortisol, which is typically low in adrenal insufficiency. TSH (A) and T4 (B) would be normal or low due to the hypofunction of the adrenal gland, not the thyroid. Adrenal hormones (C) would be low in adrenal insufficiency, not elevated.
For the patient with hyperthyroidism, what intervention should you delegate to the experienced certified nursing assistant?
- A. Instruct the patient to report palpitations, dyspnea, vertigo, or chest pain.
- B. Check the apical pulse, blood pressure, and temperature every 4 hours.
- C. Draw blood for thyroid-stimulating hormone, T3, and T4 levels.
- D. Explain the side effects of propylthiouracil (PTU) to the patient.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Checking the apical pulse, blood pressure, and temperature every 4 hours is within the scope of practice for a certified nursing assistant and helps monitor the patient's condition.
The relatively constant internal environment of the body is maintained by _______.
- A. negative feedback.
- B. positive feedback.
- C. homeostasis.
- D. metabolism.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: homeostasis. Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. It involves various physiological mechanisms to regulate temperature, pH, blood sugar levels, and more. Negative feedback (choice A) is a key component of homeostasis, where the body reverses a deviation from the set point to restore balance. Positive feedback (choice B) amplifies a response and does not contribute to maintaining stability. Metabolism (choice D) is the sum of all chemical processes in the body and is necessary for homeostasis but does not directly regulate the internal environment.
Which is a water soluble vitamin?
- A. D
- B. B12
- C. A
- D. K
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: B12. Vitamin B12 is water-soluble because it dissolves in water, allowing it to be easily absorbed and transported in the bloodstream. It plays a crucial role in nerve function, red blood cell production, and DNA synthesis. Vitamins D, A, and K are fat-soluble vitamins, meaning they are absorbed along with fats in the diet and are stored in the body's fat tissues. Since they are not water-soluble, they require bile for absorption and are stored in the body for longer periods. Hence, B12 is the only water-soluble vitamin among the given choices.