Nokea
Which organ has the most metabolically active cells?
- A. pancreas
- B. liver
- C. stomach
- D. small intestine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: liver. The liver has the most metabolically active cells due to its crucial role in various metabolic processes, such as detoxification, protein synthesis, and glucose metabolism. It is responsible for producing enzymes and metabolizing nutrients. The pancreas, stomach, and small intestine are important organs, but they are not as metabolically active as the liver. The pancreas primarily produces digestive enzymes and regulates blood sugar levels. The stomach digests food, and the small intestine absorbs nutrients. However, in terms of overall metabolic activity, the liver surpasses these organs.
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Which of these is involved in the chemical digestion of protein?
- A. pancreatic amylase
- B. trypsin
- C. sucrase
- D. pancreatic nuclease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: trypsin. Trypsin is an enzyme produced by the pancreas that specifically breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. It works in the small intestine to continue the process of protein digestion. Pancreatic amylase (A) breaks down carbohydrates, sucrase (C) breaks down sucrose, and pancreatic nuclease (D) breaks down nucleic acids, not proteins. Therefore, trypsin is the only enzyme involved in the chemical digestion of protein among the choices provided.
The function of the migrating motor
- A. is to:
- B. Empty non-digestable material from stomach and small intestine during fasting
- C. Initiate mass movements in the large intestine
- D. Increase intestinal peristalsis in response to overfeeding
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The migrating motor complex (MMC) functions to clear non-digestible material from the stomach and small intestine during fasting periods. Step 1: During fasting, MMC promotes gastrointestinal motility to prevent bacterial overgrowth. Step 2: MMC consists of 3 phases - quiescent, irregular contractions, and intense contractions - aiding in sweeping undigested materials. Step 3: This process helps maintain gut health and prevents issues like bacterial overgrowth or malabsorption. Summary: Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the specific function of the migrating motor complex during fasting.
The enteric plexus in the tunica submucosa is called the ______ plexus.
- A. Meissner's
- B. Auerbach's
- C. myenteric
- D. solar
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Meissner's plexus. Meissner's plexus is located in the tunica submucosa and is responsible for controlling the movements of the muscularis mucosae. It regulates local blood flow, secretion, and absorption in the small intestine. Auerbach's plexus, located in the muscularis externa, controls the motility of the muscular layer. Myenteric plexus is another name for Auerbach's plexus. Solar plexus is a network of nerves located in the abdomen, not specifically related to the enteric plexus.
Which of the following vitamins is fat-soluble?
- A. B12
- B. C
- C. D
- D. E
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: D. Vitamin D is fat-soluble because it can be stored in the body's fatty tissues and liver. This allows for a slower release into the bloodstream when needed. Vitamins B12, C, and E are water-soluble, meaning they dissolve in water and are not stored in the body. Vitamin B12 is stored in the liver, but it is not considered fat-soluble. Vitamin C is excreted through urine, and Vitamin E is stored in body tissues but not in fat. Therefore, the only fat-soluble vitamin among the options provided is Vitamin D.
The nurse is caring for a patient who has been experiencing severe diarrhea and can now resume solid foods. The nurse educates the patient about appropriate food choices. Which food choice indicates that the nurse's teaching has been successful?
- A. Whole-grain rice
- B. Wheat toast
- C. Applesauce
- D. Grapes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Applesauce. Applesauce is a low-fiber, easily digestible food that is gentle on the digestive system, making it an appropriate choice for someone recovering from severe diarrhea. It helps to bind stool and prevent further irritation. Whole-grain rice (choice A) and wheat toast (choice B) are high-fiber foods that may worsen diarrhea. Grapes (choice D) are high in natural sugars and can also aggravate diarrhea. In summary, the nurse's teaching is successful when the patient chooses applesauce because it is gentle on the digestive system and helps in recovery from diarrhea.