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Which type of heart disease involves the stiffening of the heart muscle, reducing its ability to relax and fill with blood?
- A. Restrictive cardiomyopathy
- B. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- C. Dilated cardiomyopathy
- D. Ventricular hypertrophy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Restrictive cardiomyopathy. This type of heart disease involves the stiffening of the heart muscle, leading to decreased ability to relax and fill with blood. Restrictive cardiomyopathy is characterized by abnormal stiffening of the heart muscle, impairing its ability to properly expand and contract during the cardiac cycle. This results in reduced filling of the heart chambers, leading to symptoms of heart failure.
Choice B: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves thickening of the heart muscle, not stiffening.
Choice C: Dilated cardiomyopathy involves enlargement and weakening of the heart chambers, not stiffening.
Choice D: Ventricular hypertrophy is a general term for thickening of the heart muscle, not specific to stiffness.
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The nurse is caring for a client on heparin. What is the most important lab value to monitor?
- A. aPTT
- B. INR
- C. Platelet count
- D. Hemoglobin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: aPTT. This lab value is crucial for monitoring heparin therapy as it measures the effectiveness of the medication in preventing blood clots. Monitoring aPTT helps ensure the client is within the therapeutic range to prevent bleeding or clotting complications. Incorrect choices:
B: INR is used to monitor warfarin therapy, not heparin.
C: Platelet count is important, but aPTT is more directly related to heparin therapy.
D: Hemoglobin is important for assessing anemia but not specific to monitoring heparin therapy.
Which type of lung cancer is strongly associated with exposure to asbestos?
- A. Mesothelioma
- B. Adenocarcinoma
- C. Squamous cell carcinoma
- D. Small cell lung cancer
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mesothelioma. Mesothelioma is a type of cancer that affects the lining of the lungs, abdomen, or heart, and is primarily caused by exposure to asbestos fibers. Asbestos exposure is a well-established risk factor for developing mesothelioma. Adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and small cell lung cancer are not typically associated with asbestos exposure. This association is key in determining the correct answer.
What test measures the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time, typically 24 to 48 hours?
- A. Holter monitor
- B. Echocardiogram
- C. Stress test
- D. Arterial blood gas (ABG)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Holter monitor. A Holter monitor is a device that measures the electrical activity of the heart over an extended period, usually 24 to 48 hours. It is used to detect abnormal heart rhythms and assess how the heart responds to daily activities.
Explanation:
1. The Holter monitor records the heart's electrical activity continuously, providing a detailed analysis of any irregularities.
2. Unlike an echocardiogram, which uses sound waves to create images of the heart, the Holter monitor focuses on monitoring electrical signals.
3. A stress test evaluates the heart's performance under physical stress, not over an extended period like the Holter monitor.
4. Arterial blood gas (ABG) measures oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, not the heart's electrical activity.
In summary, the Holter monitor is the correct choice as it specifically measures the heart's electrical activity over an extended timeframe, distinguishing it from the other options.
What is a condition where blood clots form in the deep veins, usually in the legs, and can travel to the lungs, causing serious complications?
- A. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
- B. Pulmonary embolism
- C. Varicose veins
- D. Peripheral artery disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT). DVT is a condition where blood clots form in the deep veins, typically in the legs. These clots can dislodge and travel to the lungs, leading to a pulmonary embolism. Choice B, pulmonary embolism, is a complication of DVT, not the initial condition. Varicose veins (C) are enlarged, twisted veins usually visible on the skin surface, not deep veins. Peripheral artery disease (D) involves narrowed arteries, not blood clots in veins.
What is a condition where the heart beats too fast, reducing its ability to pump blood effectively?
- A. Tachycardia
- B. Bradycardia
- C. Arrhythmia
- D. Ventricular fibrillation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Tachycardia. Tachycardia is a condition where the heart beats too fast, resulting in reduced effectiveness in pumping blood. This occurs when the heart rate exceeds the normal range, impacting the heart's ability to fill and empty properly. Bradycardia (B) is the opposite, where the heart beats too slowly. Arrhythmia (C) refers to an irregular heartbeat pattern, which may or may not involve a fast heart rate. Ventricular fibrillation (D) is a life-threatening arrhythmia where the heart quivers instead of pumping effectively.