Nokea
Which surgical procedure involves removing a portion of the lung?
- A. Lobectomy
- B. Pneumonectomy
- C. Tracheostomy
- D. Bronchoscopy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lobectomy. A lobectomy involves the removal of a lobe of the lung. This procedure is commonly done to treat lung cancer or other conditions affecting a specific lobe. Pneumonectomy (B) involves the removal of an entire lung, not just a portion. Tracheostomy (C) is the surgical creation of an opening in the windpipe to help with breathing, not a lung removal procedure. Bronchoscopy (D) is a diagnostic procedure to visualize the airways using a flexible tube with a camera, not a lung removal surgery. Therefore, A is the correct choice for removing a portion of the lung.
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If Mr. Smith is admitted with pericarditis with effusion and shows dyspnea, tachycardia, distended neck veins, and arterial hypotension, your evaluation of the situation would be that
- A. These are signs of cardiac tamponade
- B. These signs are to be expected
- C. He needs to be placed flat in bed to relieve the problem
- D. He has overexerted himself and needs to rest
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cardiac tamponade compromises cardiac function.
Where is the impulse from the SA node delayed, enabling atrial contraction to complete before the ventricles are stimulated and contract?
- A. AV node
- B. Bundle of His
- C. SA node
- D. Aorta
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The impulse from the SA node is delayed at the AV node to allow time for the atria to contract before the ventricles. The AV node acts as a gatekeeper, slowing down the electrical signal before transmitting it to the Bundle of His, which then conducts the signal to the ventricles. This delay ensures proper coordination between atrial and ventricular contractions. Choices C and D are incorrect as the SA node does not delay its own impulse, and the aorta is not involved in the conduction system.
What is the amount of tension the ventricle must develop during contraction to eject blood from the left ventricle into the aorta?
- A. Afterload
- B. Preload
- C. Automaticity
- D. Ejection fraction
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Afterload. Afterload refers to the amount of tension the ventricle must develop during contraction to eject blood into the aorta. It is the resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood. Preload (B) is the stretch on the heart muscle before contraction. Automaticity (C) refers to the heart's ability to generate electrical impulses. Ejection fraction (D) is the percentage of blood pumped out of the ventricle with each heartbeat.
What is a condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to a buildup of fluid in the lungs and other parts of the body?
- A. Heart failure
- B. Cardiomyopathy
- C. Myocardial infarction
- D. Pulmonary edema
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (A): Heart failure is the correct answer because it is a condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs and other parts of the body. This occurs due to the heart's inability to adequately circulate blood, causing congestion and fluid retention. Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling. Treatment aims to improve heart function and manage symptoms.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
B (Cardiomyopathy): Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle, which can lead to heart failure, but it is not the specific condition described in the question.
C (Myocardial infarction): Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, results from a blockage in a coronary artery causing damage to the heart muscle, but it does not directly lead to fluid buildup in the lungs and body.
D (Pulmonary edema): Pulmonary edema is a condition characterized by fluid
Which of the following dietary recommendations is the most appropriate to give a patient who has been diagnosed with CAD?
- A. 2500 calories daily, with 45% of diet consisting of simple carbohydrates
- B. Decreased intake of sodium, animal, other fats, overall calories, and increase dietary fiber.
- C. High-protein intake with limited dairy products, decreased sodium, potassium, and phosphorus.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: This diet helps reduce cholesterol and blood pressure, which are critical for managing CAD.