Nokea
Which type of hepatitis is a DNA virus, can be transmitted via exposure to infectious blood or body fluids, is required for HDV to replicate, and increases the risk of the chronic carrier for hepatocellular cancer?
- A. Hepatitis A (HAV)
- B. Hepatitis B (HBV)
- C. Hepatitis C (HCV)
- D. Hepatitis E (HEV)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Hepatitis B (HBV) is a DNA virus.
2. It can be transmitted via exposure to infectious blood or body fluids.
3. HBV is required for HDV to replicate.
4. Chronic carriers of HBV are at increased risk for hepatocellular cancer.
Summary:
- Choice A (HAV) is incorrect because it is an RNA virus and not associated with chronic carrier state or hepatocellular cancer.
- Choice C (HCV) is incorrect as it is an RNA virus, not required for HDV replication, and has a different risk profile for hepatocellular cancer.
- Choice D (HEV) is incorrect as it is an RNA virus and not linked to HDV replication or chronic carrier state.
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Salivary glands structurally are
- A. compound tubuloadnar or tubuloalveolar glands.
- B. compound alveolar or acinar glands.
- C. compound tubular glands.
- D. simple branched alveolar or acinar glands.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: compound tubuloadnar or tubuloalveolar glands. Salivary glands are compound glands with both tubular and alveolar structures, allowing for both secretion and storage of saliva. The tubuloadnar or tubuloalveolar structure allows for efficient production and release of saliva.
Incorrect choices:
B: Compound alveolar or acinar glands - Alveolar and acinar glands do not have the tubular structure required for efficient saliva production.
C: Compound tubular glands - Tubular glands lack the alveolar structure needed for storage and release of saliva.
D: Simple branched alveolar or acinar glands - Simple glands do not have the complexity needed for optimal saliva production and release.
When obtaining a nursing history from the patient with colorectal cancer, the nurse should specifically ask the patient about
- A. dietary intake.
- B. sports involvement.
- C. environmental exposure to carcinogens.
- D. long-term use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: dietary intake. This is crucial in colorectal cancer management as certain dietary factors can influence the risk of developing or exacerbating the condition. High intake of red and processed meats, low fiber intake, and obesity are known risk factors. Asking about dietary intake helps assess the patient's risk profile and allows for tailored interventions.
Explanation for other choices:
B: Sports involvement is not directly related to colorectal cancer risk factors.
C: Environmental exposure to carcinogens may be relevant in other types of cancer, but it is not a primary risk factor for colorectal cancer.
D: Long-term use of NSAIDs is more relevant in preventing colorectal cancer rather than obtaining a history from a patient already diagnosed with the condition.
Which of the following is an opening in the large bowel created by bringing a section of the large intestine out to the abdomen and fashioning a stoma?
- A. Continent ileostomy
- B. Colostomy
- C. Ileostomy
- D. Ileoanal reservoir
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Colostomy. A colostomy is an opening in the large bowel created by bringing a section of the large intestine out to the abdomen to form a stoma. This procedure is typically done to divert stool in cases of colorectal diseases or surgeries.
A: Continent ileostomy - This choice is incorrect because a continent ileostomy involves creating a pouch inside the body to collect waste, rather than bringing a section of the large intestine out to the abdomen.
C: Ileostomy - This choice is incorrect because an ileostomy involves bringing the end of the small intestine out to the abdomen to create a stoma, not a section of the large intestine.
D: Ileoanal reservoir - This choice is incorrect as it refers to a surgical procedure where the colon and rectum are removed, and a pouch is created from the small intestine to restore bowel function, not to create a stoma in the large bowel.
Gastric secretions:
- A. Decrease when a person thinks of food.
- B. Contain a substance which is essential for absorption of vitamin B12 from terminal ileum.
- C. Contain HCL secreted by chief cells.
- D. Are essential for fat digestion and absorption.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Gastric secretions contain intrinsic factor, essential for vitamin B12 absorption from the terminal ileum.
2. Intrinsic factor binds to vitamin B12 to facilitate its absorption.
3. Without intrinsic factor, vitamin B12 absorption is impaired, leading to pernicious anemia.
4. Therefore, choice B is correct.
Summary:
- Choice A is incorrect as gastric secretions increase, not decrease, when a person thinks of food.
- Choice C is incorrect as hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by parietal cells, not chief cells.
- Choice D is incorrect as fat digestion primarily occurs in the small intestine with the help of pancreatic enzymes, not gastric secretions.
Bile contains all of the following except:
- A. Alkaline phosphatase +
- B. K
- C. Cholesterol
- D. CCK
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Bile does not contain potassium (K) as it is not a component of bile. The correct answer is B. Alkaline phosphatase is present in bile and aids in digestion. Cholesterol is also found in bile. CCK (Cholecystokinin) is a hormone released by the small intestine to stimulate bile release. Potassium is not a part of the composition of bile.