Nokea
White matter refers to myelinated fibers in the:
- A. CNS
- B. PNS
- C. ANS
- D. SNS
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: White matter consists of myelinated axons found in the central nervous system (CNS). The PNS, ANS, and SNS contain myelinated fibers, but the term 'white matter' specifically refers to the CNS. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
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Executive Functions: involve problem-solving, planning, initiative, organising, and they monitor and inhibit complex behaviours. These functions are normally associated with which area of the brain?
- A. The neocortex.
- B. The corpus callosum.
- C. The cerebellum.
- D. The prefontal cortex.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The prefrontal cortex, located in the frontal lobe of the brain, is primarily responsible for executive functions such as problem-solving, planning, decision-making, and self-regulation. This brain region plays a critical role in coordinating complex cognitive processes and inhibiting inappropriate behaviors. Damage to the prefrontal cortex can result in significant impairments in executive functioning, leading to difficulties in managing daily tasks and adapting to new situations.
When testing for motor function, the nurse should be aware of:
- A. Symmetry and strength of muscle movements.
- B. The patient's skin color and temperature.
- C. The patient's blood glucose levels.
- D. The patient's heart rate and rhythm.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Motor function testing involves assessing symmetry and strength of muscle movements. Skin color, blood glucose levels, and heart rate are unrelated to motor function.
An increase in intra-ocular pressure occurs with:
- A. normal blinking
- B. coughing
- C. hypercarbia
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Intraocular pressure increases during normal blinking, coughing, and hypercarbia due to changes in intrathoracic pressure and blood flow.
What region of the limbic lobe is responsible for generating stress responses via the hypothalamus?
- A. hippocampus
- B. amygdala
- C. mammillary bodies
- D. prefrontal cortex
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: amygdala. The amygdala is responsible for generating stress responses through its connections with the hypothalamus. It plays a crucial role in processing emotions, including fear and anxiety. The hippocampus (A) is involved in memory formation, not stress responses. The mammillary bodies (C) are part of the hypothalamus but are not directly responsible for generating stress responses. The prefrontal cortex (D) is involved in decision-making and impulse control, not stress responses. Thus, the amygdala is the correct choice for its specific role in triggering stress responses via the hypothalamus.
Which of the following is the most common cause of neonatal meningitis?
- A. Haemophilus influenzae b
- B. Streptococcus agalactiae
- C. Neisseria meningitidis
- D. Streptococcus pneumoniae
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Streptococcus agalactiae. This bacterium is the most common cause of neonatal meningitis due to its ability to colonize the maternal genital tract and be transmitted to the newborn during delivery. It is a leading cause of early-onset neonatal sepsis and meningitis. Haemophilus influenzae b, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae are more commonly associated with meningitis in older children and adults, rather than in neonates. Therefore, choice B is the most appropriate answer based on the specific context of neonatal meningitis.