Nokea
Why may an ice collar be ordered for a client who is undergoing drainage of a peritonsillar abscess?
- A. To reduce swelling and pain
- B. To help the client drink fluids
- C. To prevent respiratory obstruction
- D. To prevent excessive bleeding
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. An ice collar reduces swelling and pain by constricting blood vessels and numbing the area. B (helping the client drink fluids) is unrelated. C (preventing respiratory obstruction) is not the primary purpose of an ice collar. D (preventing excessive bleeding) is managed differently, usually with direct pressure or medication.
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One of the following is a difference between pulmonary respiration of frog and human
- A. Diaphragm and ribs play role in respiration
- B. Lungs are respiratory organs
- C. Respiration occurs due to pressure gradient
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because in frogs, respiration is mainly driven by buccal pumping using their mouth cavity and floor of the mouth, while in humans, diaphragm and ribs play a crucial role in expanding and contracting the chest cavity for breathing. Choices B and C are incorrect as both frogs and humans have lungs as respiratory organs and respiration occurs due to a pressure gradient in both species. Choice D is incorrect as the difference lies in the involvement of the diaphragm and ribs in respiration.
Oxygen dissociation curve of myoglobin is
- A. Hypobolic
- B. Hyperbolic
- C. Linear
- D. Sigmoid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hyperbolic. Myoglobin exhibits a hyperbolic oxygen dissociation curve due to its high affinity for oxygen, allowing it to bind oxygen quickly and efficiently at low partial pressures. This curve represents a simple one-to-one binding relationship between myoglobin and oxygen. The other choices are incorrect because A (Hypobolic) does not accurately describe myoglobin's binding characteristics, C (Linear) is not representative of the typical oxygen binding behavior of myoglobin, and D (Sigmoid) is more characteristic of hemoglobin, which exhibits cooperative binding of oxygen.
A 22-year-old female client is experiencing a new-onset asthmatic attack. Which position is best for this client?
- A. High Fowler's
- B. Left side-lying.
- C. Right side-lying.
- D. Supine with pillows under each arm.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: High Fowler's position. This position promotes optimal lung expansion by maximizing chest expansion and allowing for improved airflow. The upright position reduces pressure on the diaphragm, making it easier for the client to breathe. Left and right side-lying positions may restrict lung expansion and worsen breathing difficulties. The supine position with pillows under each arm does not provide the same benefits as the High Fowler's position in terms of respiratory support. Overall, High Fowler's is the most effective position for a client experiencing an asthmatic attack as it facilitates better oxygenation and ventilation.
Which class of drugs often inhibits carbonic anhydrase and is used for certain medical conditions?
- A. Antibiotics
- B. Antihistamines
- C. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
- D. Antidepressants
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. These drugs inhibit the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which plays a role in various physiological processes. They are used to treat conditions such as glaucoma, epilepsy, and altitude sickness. Antibiotics (A) target bacterial infections, antihistamines (B) relieve allergy symptoms, and antidepressants (D) treat depression, making them unrelated to carbonic anhydrase inhibition.
The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ________ center(s).
- A. apneustic
- B. pneumotaxic
- C. DRG and VRG
- D. expiratory
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) and Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) are the centers in the brainstem responsible for controlling the rate and depth of breathing. The DRG primarily regulates inspiration, while the VRG is involved in both inspiration and expiration. The apneustic and pneumotaxic centers (choices A and B) are subregions within the pons that modulate the activity of the DRG and VRG but do not establish the baseline rate and depth of breathing. The expiratory center (choice D) is responsible for controlling only the expiratory phase of breathing and is not involved in setting the normal rate and depth of breathing.