Nokea
With regard to carbohydrate digestion:
- A. salivary amylase works best at alkaline pH
- B. approximately 40% of adult Europeans are lactose intolerant
- C. oligosaccharidase deficiency results in osmotic diarrhoea
- D. salivary amylase continues to digest carbohydrates in the stomach
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice C being correct:
1. Oligosaccharidase deficiency impairs breakdown of oligosaccharides in the small intestine.
2. Undigested oligosaccharides draw water into the intestines, causing osmotic diarrhea.
3. This leads to increased fluid content in the stool, resulting in osmotic diarrhea.
4. This process does not involve salivary amylase or lactose intolerance.
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The secretion of cortisol by the adrenal gland suppresses further secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary gland. What is this interaction called?
- A. Cerebral lateralization
- B. Circadian rhythm
- C. Cellular differentiation
- D. Negative feedback control
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Negative feedback control. This interaction is a classic example of negative feedback control in the endocrine system. Cortisol inhibits the release of ACTH, which in turn reduces the stimulation of cortisol production, creating a feedback loop to maintain hormonal balance. Choice A, cerebral lateralization, refers to the specialization of brain function. Choice B, circadian rhythm, pertains to the 24-hour biological cycle. Choice C, cellular differentiation, involves the process of cells becoming specialized for specific functions. Thus, the correct answer is D because it accurately describes the feedback mechanism at play in the cortisol-ACTH interaction.
Aldosterone:
- A. is a mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex.
- B. functions in the regulation of blood glucose levels.
- C. stimulates the kidney to excrete sodium and reabsorb potassium.
- D. All is applicable.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice A is correct:
1. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex.
2. It plays a key role in regulating electrolyte balance, specifically sodium and potassium levels.
3. Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to increase sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion.
4. This hormone helps to maintain blood pressure and fluid balance in the body.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
- Choice B (functions in the regulation of blood glucose levels): Aldosterone does not play a significant role in blood glucose regulation.
- Choice C (stimulates the kidney to excrete sodium and reabsorb potassium): This statement is partially true, but aldosterone actually stimulates sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion.
- Choice D (All is applicable): While aldosterone has various functions, not all statements apply to its actions.
Diabetes Mellitus Is a Hormonal Condition in Which
- A. Ketone bodies increases in urine
- B. Ketone bodies decreases in urine
- C. Urine becomes more dilute
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer A: Diabetes Mellitus is a condition where the body cannot properly regulate blood sugar levels due to insufficient insulin production. This leads to increased breakdown of fats for energy, resulting in the production of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are acidic and are excreted in urine, causing ketonuria. Therefore, the correct answer is A.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
B: Ketone bodies do not decrease in urine in Diabetes Mellitus.
C: Urine does not become more dilute in Diabetes Mellitus; instead, it may become more concentrated due to increased excretion of glucose and ketone bodies.
D: This choice is incorrect as Diabetes Mellitus does affect urine composition by increasing ketone bodies.
Which statements about air pollutants are correct?
- A. 1 and 2
- B. 1 and 3
- C. 2 and 4
- D. 3 and 4
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Certainly! The correct answer is D because it includes statements 3 and 4, which are both true. Statement 3 is correct, as air pollutants can lead to various health issues. Statement 4 is also accurate, as air pollutants can contribute to environmental degradation. Statements 1 and 2 are incorrect as they are not included in the correct answer. Statement 1 may not be universally applicable, and statement 2 does not cover the broad impact of air pollutants on both health and the environment as indicated in statements 3 and 4. Therefore, choice D is the most accurate based on the information provided.
Isoprenaline produces the following actions EXCEPT:
- A. Direct stimulation of beta adrenoceptors
- B. Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles
- C. Decreased blood pressure
- D. Increased intestinal motility
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Isoprenaline is a beta-adrenergic agonist.
2. It directly stimulates beta adrenoceptors, leading to effects like increased heart rate.
3. Isoprenaline causes bronchodilation by relaxing bronchial smooth muscles.
4. It also causes vasodilation, leading to decreased blood pressure.
5. Isoprenaline does not have a direct effect on intestinal motility, making option D incorrect.
Summary:
Option D is incorrect as isoprenaline does not increase intestinal motility. Options A, B, and C are correct as isoprenaline directly stimulates beta adrenoceptors, relaxes bronchial smooth muscles, and decreases blood pressure, respectively.