Nokea
Glucagon
- A. Accelerates protein synthesis within cells
- B. Accelerates the conversion of glycogen into glucose
- C. Decreases the conversion of glycogen into glucose
- D. Slows down glucose formation from lactic acid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale: Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen stored in the liver into glucose, increasing blood glucose levels. This process, called glycogenolysis, is crucial during times of low blood sugar to maintain energy levels. Therefore, choice B is correct. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because glucagon does not directly affect protein synthesis within cells, decrease glycogen conversion into glucose, or slow down glucose formation from lactic acid.
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The primary target of the releasing and inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus is the:
- A. Liver and adipose tissue
- B. Gonads
- C. Anterior pituitary
- D. Bone marrow
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. The primary target of releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus is the anterior pituitary. The hypothalamus secretes these hormones into the hypophyseal portal system, which directly connects to the anterior pituitary. This interaction controls the release of various hormones from the anterior pituitary, regulating functions such as growth, reproduction, and stress response. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus do not primarily target the liver, adipose tissue, gonads, or bone marrow directly.
Aldosterone:
- A. is a mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex.
- B. functions in the regulation of blood glucose levels.
- C. stimulates the kidney to excrete sodium and reabsorb potassium.
- D. All is applicable.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice A is correct:
1. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex.
2. It plays a key role in regulating electrolyte balance, specifically sodium and potassium levels.
3. Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to increase sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion.
4. This hormone helps to maintain blood pressure and fluid balance in the body.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
- Choice B (functions in the regulation of blood glucose levels): Aldosterone does not play a significant role in blood glucose regulation.
- Choice C (stimulates the kidney to excrete sodium and reabsorb potassium): This statement is partially true, but aldosterone actually stimulates sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion.
- Choice D (All is applicable): While aldosterone has various functions, not all statements apply to its actions.
To aid digestion the stomach produces?
- A. Alkali
- B. Trypsin
- C. Acid
- D. Amylase
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Acid. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid to aid in digestion by creating an acidic environment that helps break down food and kill bacteria. Alkali (A) would not aid digestion as it neutralizes acids. Trypsin (B) and Amylase (D) are enzymes produced in the pancreas, not the stomach, and play a role in digesting proteins and carbohydrates, respectively. Thus, they are not the products of the stomach for aiding digestion.
Factors that inhibit TSH release do not include ________.
- A. growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
- B. rising levels of glucocorticoids
- C. somatostatin
- D. excessively high blood iodine concentrations
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: excessively high blood iodine concentrations. High blood iodine levels do not inhibit TSH release; they actually stimulate it. Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH), rising levels of glucocorticoids, and somatostatin are all factors that inhibit TSH release. GHIH inhibits TSH release by acting on the pituitary gland. Glucocorticoids have a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, reducing TSH release. Somatostatin inhibits the release of various hormones, including TSH.
Identify the gland that secretes cortisol and aldosterone.
- A. thyroid
- B. parathyroid
- C. pancreas
- D. adrenal
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: adrenal gland. The adrenal gland secretes cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol is essential for regulating metabolism, immune response, and stress. Aldosterone helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance. The other choices are incorrect because the thyroid gland (A) secretes hormones like thyroid hormone and calcitonin, the parathyroid gland (B) secretes parathyroid hormone, and the pancreas (C) secretes insulin and glucagon. Only the adrenal gland (D) secretes cortisol and aldosterone, making it the correct answer.