Nokea
Which of the following statements regarding dietary approaches to obesity treatment is TRUE?
- A. Dietary modifications are generally not sustainable and hence dietary approaches are not as important as pharmacological approaches
- B. There is no Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) level of evidence regarding decreasing sugar sweetened beverages
- C. Dietary approaches can be broadly categorised into energy-focused, macronutrient-focused, dietary pattern-focused, and dietary timing-focused
- D. Long-term diet trials have shown intermittent fasting to be superior to continuous energy restriction with respect to average weight loss
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Diet's obesity fight splits smart energy, macros, patterns, and timing frame approaches, a true lens on options like low-carb or fasting. Sustainability varies, RCTs back sugar cuts, fasting ties (not tops) restriction, and proteins sate more than carbs. Clinicians wield this quartet, tailoring chronic plans, a broad truth in food's fat battle.
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In the treatment of COPD:
- A. Inhaled long-acting β₂ agonists are a first-line treatment for breathlessness.
- B. Most patients require maintenance use of oral corticosteroids.
- C. The dosage of oral theophylline needs to be reduced in patients commenced on erythromycin.
- D. Long-term oxygen therapy is indicated in a stable patient with a Paâ‚“â‚‚ of 8.5 kPa.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: COPD management focuses on symptom relief and preventing exacerbations. Inhaled long-acting β₂ agonists are indeed used for breathlessness but are not always first-line; short-acting bronchodilators often precede them. Maintenance oral corticosteroids are not standard due to significant side effects; inhaled corticosteroids are preferred. Theophylline, a bronchodilator, has its metabolism inhibited by erythromycin (a CYP3A4 inhibitor), increasing plasma levels and toxicity risk, necessitating dose reduction. Long-term oxygen therapy is indicated for severe hypoxemia (Paₓ₂ < 7.3 kPa or 7.3-8 kPa with complications), not at 8.5 kPa, which is relatively normal. Non-invasive ventilation is reserved for acute exacerbations, not first-line treatment. The interaction between theophylline and erythromycin is a critical pharmacological consideration in COPD management, making it the standout correct statement.
A patient with a large stomach tumor attached to the liver is scheduled for a debulking procedure. Which information should the nurse teach the patient about the outcome of this procedure?
- A. Pain will be relieved by cutting sensory nerves in the stomach.
- B. Relief of pressure in the stomach will promote better nutrition.
- C. Decreasing the tumor size will improve the effects of other therapy.
- D. Tumor growth will be controlled by the removal of malignant tissue.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Debulking shrinks a stomach tumor stuck to the liver, boosting chemo and radiation's punch smaller targets respond better. Pain relief isn't the goal nerves aren't cut. Pressure relief might help eating, but it's secondary. Growth control fails it's not curative; tumor regrows. Nurses in oncology pitch this: it's a team play, enhancing other treatments' odds, vital for patients facing inoperable masses.
A 45 year old man, BMI 35 but otherwise healthy and normotensive has an urinary albumin excretion of 30 mg in 24 hours. Which is the correct action to take?
- A. Reduce weight
- B. It can be observed over 3 months for improvement
- C. Refer him to a nephrologist
- D. Treatment is required
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Albumin 30 microalbuminuria's dawn, weight loss curbs it; watch, refer, treat, ignore lag. Nurses nudge this chronic kidney shield.
The clinic nurse is caring for a 42-year-old male oncology patient. He complains of extreme fatigue and weakness after his first week of radiation therapy. Which response by the nurse would best reassure this patient?
- A. These symptoms usually result from radiation therapy; however, we will continue to monitor your laboratory and x-ray studies
- B. These symptoms are part of your disease and are an unfortunately inevitable part of living with cancer
- C. Try not to be concerned about these symptoms. Every patient feels this way after having radiation therapy
- D. Even though it is uncomfortable, this is a good sign. It means that only the cancer cells are dying
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Radiation zaps energy fatigue and weakness are par for the course, tied to inflammation and repair in treated tissues. Saying this, plus promising lab and imaging checks, reassures him it's expected, not a red flag, and keeps him in the loop. Blaming cancer alone dodges the treatment link, unsettling him. Dismissing it as universal or a good sign' feels flippant normal cells die too. Nurses in oncology lean on honesty and vigilance, easing fears while tracking for worse issues like anemia or infection.
Which of the following is a characteristic of health-related hardiness known as 'challenge'?
- A. Confidence to appraise a health stressor
- B. Ability to modify responses to health stressors
- C. Viewing a health stressor as an opportunity for growth
- D. Optimal psychosocial adaptation to a health stressor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hardiness' challenge sees stressors as growth shots not just sizing up, tweaking, or adapting a mindset nurses foster in chronic fights. It's flipping pain to gain, a resilient twist.