Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Breast

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Which treatment option minimizes the development of lymphedema in the surgical management of a patient with breast cancer?

  • A. Radical mastectomy procedure
  • B. Radiation therapy
  • C. Sentinel lymph node mapping
  • D. Ultrasound
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Sentinel lymph node mapping. This procedure helps identify and remove only the lymph nodes most likely to contain cancer cells, reducing the risk of lymphedema. A: Radical mastectomy is an extensive surgery that may increase the risk of lymphedema. B: Radiation therapy can also contribute to lymphedema. D: Ultrasound is not a treatment option for minimizing lymphedema in breast cancer surgery. Therefore, C is the best choice for minimizing the development of lymphedema.

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The funnel-shaped, open-ended portion of the oviduct is called the:

  • A. Isthmus
  • B. Ampulla
  • C. Infundibulum
  • D. Fimbriae
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped, open-ended portion of the oviduct.

Dichorionic-diamniotic twins result from separation of embryonic cells at the:

  • A. Four-cell stage
  • B. Blastocyst stage
  • C. Implantation stage
  • D. Trilaminar disc stage
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Four-cell stage. Dichorionic-diamniotic twins occur when the embryo splits into two separate embryos very early in development, typically at the four-cell stage. At this stage, each embryo will have its own chorion and amnion, leading to separate placentas and amniotic sacs. Choices B, C, and D occur later in development and do not result in the formation of two separate embryos with their own chorion and amnion, making them incorrect for the scenario of dichorionic-diamniotic twins.

A sign of impaired attachment between the postpartum mother and her infant is

  • A. decreasing maternal interaction with the infant over time
  • B. maternal request to rest and refuse visitors
  • C. maternal encouragement for family members to hold the infant
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Decreased interaction may indicate difficulties in bonding between the mother and infant.

In the immediate postpartal period, a woman's gastric motility is generally

  • A. within normal limits
  • B. increased
  • C. decreased
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Gastric motility decreases postpartum, affecting digestion and absorption.

HELLP syndrome is characterized by (H) hemolysis, (EL) elevated liver enzymes, and (LP)

  • A. lateral pain
  • B. low (blood) pressure
  • C. low platelet count
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Low platelet count is a key feature of HELLP syndrome, reflecting microangiopathic hemolytic anemia.

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