Nokea
Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion?
- A. Insulin
- B. aldosterone
- C. BNP
- D. ANP
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: aldosterone. Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that regulates sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the kidneys. It increases the reabsorption of sodium and water while promoting the excretion of potassium. This helps maintain electrolyte balance and blood pressure.
A: Insulin mainly regulates blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells.
C: BNP (Brain Natriuretic Peptide) is involved in regulating fluid balance and blood pressure but not specifically sodium reabsorption.
D: ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide) also plays a role in regulating fluid balance and blood pressure, but it promotes sodium excretion instead of reabsorption.
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A 70 year old man has severe urinary hesitancy associated with bPH. He has * tried alpha blockers with little effect. His physician recommends a drug that blocks 5α-reductase in the prostate which is:
- A. Leuprolide
- B. Finasteride
- C. Flutamide
- D. Ketoconazole
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Finasteride. Finasteride inhibits 5-alpha reductase, reducing conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the prostate. This helps shrink the prostate gland, relieving urinary symptoms in BPH. Leuprolide (A) is a GnRH agonist used for prostate cancer. Flutamide (C) is an antiandrogen for prostate cancer. Ketoconazole (D) is an antifungal, not for BPH. Finasteride is the most appropriate choice for this patient based on mechanism of action and indication.
Which of the following drug/(s) that is /are used to treat chronic hepatitis B?
- A. Lamivudine
- B. Human interferon α
- C. Amantadine
- D. (a) and (b) are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because both Lamivudine and Human interferon α are commonly used to treat chronic hepatitis B. Lamivudine is a nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor that helps inhibit viral replication. Human interferon α is a type of immunomodulatory drug that boosts the immune system to fight the virus. Amantadine (choice C) is not typically used for treating hepatitis B, making it incorrect. Therefore, the combination of Lamivudine and Human interferon α (choice D) is the most appropriate treatment option for chronic hepatitis B.
A patient is being treated with furosemide and Digoxin because of CHF. She * developed UTI. Which of the following antibiotics should NOT be prescribed?
- A. Cotrimoxazole
- B. Ciprooxacin
- C. Gentamycin
- D. Ampicillin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Gentamycin. Gentamycin is not recommended in this case due to its potential for nephrotoxicity, especially in patients already receiving furosemide. Furosemide is a loop diuretic that can also cause kidney damage, so combining it with Gentamycin increases the risk of further renal impairment. Cotrimoxazole (A) and Ampicillin (D) are commonly used antibiotics that do not have significant interactions with furosemide and Digoxin. Ciprofloxacin (B) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is generally safe to use in patients with CHF and UTI.
A nurse is examining a 40-year-old woman for signs of ovarian cancer. She has a family history of ovarian cancer. Which statement does the nurse know to be true regarding ovarian cancer?
- A. Ovarian cancer often does not show symptoms until late stages.
- B. The Pap smear test detects the presence of ovarian cancer.
- C. Women at high risk for ovarian cancer should have an annual pelvic ultrasound.
- D. Women over the age of 50 should be screened for ovarian cancer annually.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ovarian cancer often does not show symptoms until late stages. This is true because ovarian cancer is often asymptomatic in the early stages, making it difficult to detect. By the time symptoms appear, the cancer is usually at an advanced stage.
Choice B is incorrect because the Pap smear test is used to detect cervical cancer, not ovarian cancer. Choice C is incorrect because while some high-risk women may benefit from periodic ultrasound screenings, it is not recommended for all women at high risk. Choice D is incorrect because there is no specific annual screening recommendation for ovarian cancer in women over the age of 50.
While caring for a 77-year-old woman who has a urinary catheter, the nurse monitors the patient for the development of a UTI. What clinical manifestations is the patient most likely to experience?
- A. Cloudy urine and fever
- B. Urethral burning and bloody urine
- C. Vague abdominal discomfort and disorientation
- D. Suprapubic pain and slight decline in body temperature
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cloudy urine and fever. UTI in a patient with a urinary catheter may present with cloudy urine due to pus or bacteria, and fever due to infection. Urethral burning and bloody urine (B) are more indicative of urethritis or bladder trauma. Vague abdominal discomfort and disorientation (C) are not specific to UTI. Suprapubic pain and slight decline in body temperature (D) are less likely with UTI.