Quizlet Genitourinary System

Quizlet Genitourinary System Related

Review Quizlet Genitourinary System related questions and content

Acetazolamide is not frequently used as diuretic but the current indication is * in the treatment of:

  • A. Liver cirrhosis
  • B. CHF
  • C. Glaucoma
  • D. Kidney failure
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor commonly used in treating glaucoma due to its ability to decrease intraocular pressure. The drug works by reducing the production of aqueous humor in the eye. This mechanism makes it an effective treatment for glaucoma. In contrast, liver cirrhosis (choice A) is typically managed with diuretics that act on the kidneys to reduce fluid accumulation. CHF (choice B) is commonly treated with loop diuretics to reduce fluid overload and improve cardiac function. Acetazolamide is not indicated for treating heart failure. Kidney failure (choice D) may require diuretics to manage fluid balance, but acetazolamide is not the first-line treatment in this condition. Therefore, the correct answer is C, as acetazolamide's current indication is in the treatment of glaucoma.

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Regarding renal colic secondary to calculi:

  • A. Females are more commonly affected than males
  • B. 50% of calculi are radio-opaque
  • C. It may present without haematuria
  • D. There is a 20% chance of recurrence by 5 years
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because renal colic can present without hematuria. Renal colic is typically associated with severe flank pain caused by ureteral stones. Hematuria is a common symptom but not always present. This is due to the stone's location and size affecting the degree of irritation and damage to the urinary tract. Therefore, the absence of hematuria does not exclude the possibility of renal colic. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Females are not more commonly affected than males, calculi can be either radio-opaque or radio-lucent, and the recurrence rate by 5 years is closer to 50% rather than 20%.

Imipenem has the broadest spectrum of activity currently available to beta-lactams. This include antimicrobial activity against the following organisms EXCEPT:

  • A. Staphylococcus aureus
  • B. Staphylococcus epidermidis
  • C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • D. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Imipenem, a carbapenem antibiotic, has broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, anaerobic, and some atypical bacteria. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an atypical bacteria lacking a cell wall, making it resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics like imipenem. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are all susceptible to imipenem due to their cell wall composition.

In which of the following scenarios is administration of calcium unwise with hyperkalemia?

  • A. Rhabdomyolysis.
  • B. Nephrotoxic ATN.
  • C. Ischaemia ATN.
  • D. Acute glomerulonephritis
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Acute glomerulonephritis. In this scenario, administering calcium is unwise with hyperkalemia because acute glomerulonephritis can lead to decreased glomerular filtration rate, which impairs the excretion of potassium. Calcium administration can worsen hyperkalemia by shifting potassium out of cells and into the bloodstream.

Rhabdomyolysis (choice A) can cause hyperkalemia due to cell breakdown, and calcium may be beneficial to stabilize cell membranes. Nephrotoxic ATN (choice B) and ischemic ATN (choice C) are both conditions where calcium administration can help protect kidneys from further damage, but in acute glomerulonephritis, the risk of worsening hyperkalemia outweighs the potential benefits of calcium administration.

Which of the following drugs act by inhibiting folate synthesis in bacteria and * it is advisable to drink 8 ounces of water during this drug's use because it may cause crystalluria and subsequent kidney stone formation.

  • A. Vancomycin
  • B. Linezolid
  • C. Sulfonamides
  • D. Penicillin
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale:
1. Correct Answer (C - Sulfonamides): Sulfonamides inhibit folate synthesis in bacteria. Drinking water helps prevent crystalluria and kidney stone formation.
2. Incorrect Choices:
A. Vancomycin - Acts on cell wall synthesis, not folate synthesis.
B. Linezolid - Inhibits protein synthesis, not folate synthesis.
D. Penicillin - Inhibits cell wall synthesis, not folate synthesis.

Which hormone, produced by the kidneys,

  • A. the glomerular capsule plays a role in the production of red blood
  • B. the loop of Henle cells?
  • C. pyramids of the kidney
  • D. adrenaline
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because erythropoietin, a hormone produced by the kidneys in the glomerular capsule, stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Choice B (the loop of Henle cells) is incorrect as they are involved in urine concentration, not hormone production. Choice C (pyramids of the kidney) is incorrect as they are structures in the kidney, not involved in hormone production. Choice D (adrenaline) is incorrect as it is produced by the adrenal glands, not the kidneys.

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