Nokea
Which pairing of immune response type and immune response feature is not correct?
- A. Innate: Acts rapidly
- B. Adaptive: Results in memory
- C. Innate: Mediated by lymphocytes
- D. Adaptive: Can distinguish between specific pathogens
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because innate immune response is not mediated by lymphocytes. Innate response involves physical barriers, such as skin and mucous membranes, and cells like macrophages and neutrophils. Lymphocytes are part of the adaptive immune response, which is characterized by specificity and memory. Choice A is correct as the innate response acts rapidly due to pre-existing mechanisms. Choice B is correct as adaptive response results in memory cells for quicker response upon re-exposure. Choice D is correct as adaptive response can recognize and respond to specific pathogens through antigen recognition.
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You are working in an AIDS hospice facility that is also staffed with LPNs and nursing assistants. Which of these nursing actions is best to delegate to an LPN you are supervising?
- A. Assess patients’ nutritional needs and individualize diet plans to improve nutrition.
- B. Collect data about the patients’ response to medications used for pain and anorexia.
- C. Teach the nursing assistants about how to lower the risk for spreading infections.
- D. Assist patients with personal hygiene and other activities of daily living as needed.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: LPNs are trained to collect data and monitor patients’ responses to medications which is within their scope of practice. Assessing nutritional needs and teaching about infection control are more complex tasks that typically require the expertise of an RN. Assisting with personal hygiene is usually delegated to nursing assistants.
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
- A. Activation of receptors such as TLRs often precedes inflammasome formation
- B. Extracellular ATP triggers inflammasome formation
- C. Some environmental triggers, such as asbestos, can induce inflammasome formation
- D. NLRP3 is found in complex with pro-caspase 1 in resting, non-activated cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because NLRP3 is not found in complex with pro-caspase 1 in resting, non-activated cells. Inflammasome formation requires assembly of NLRP3 with ASC and pro-caspase 1. Choices A, B, and C are correct statements because activation of receptors like TLRs can trigger inflammasome formation, extracellular ATP can induce inflammasome formation, and environmental triggers such as asbestos can also lead to inflammasome activation.
The site where B cells mature is
- A. Lymph nodes (LN)
- B. Spleen
- C. Bone marrow
- D. Thymus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bone marrow. B cells undergo maturation in the bone marrow, where they develop from hematopoietic stem cells. This is where they acquire their antigen receptors and differentiate into mature B cells. Lymph nodes (A) are primarily responsible for filtering lymph and containing immune cells. The spleen (B) is involved in filtering blood and storing immune cells. The thymus (D) is where T cells mature, not B cells. Therefore, the correct site for B cell maturation is the bone marrow.
Identify the correct statement(s). In prokaryotes:
- A. Translation begins after transcription is finished.
- B. Messenger RNA is not co-linear with the DNA template.
- C. 5s, 16s, and 28s ribosomal RNA's are present.
- D. 50s and 30s ribosomal subunits are necessary for protein synthesis.
Correct Answer: d
Rationale: The correct answer is D because in prokaryotes, 50s and 30s ribosomal subunits combine to form the 70s ribosome, which is necessary for protein synthesis. Firstly, ribosomes are composed of two subunits, and in prokaryotes, these are the 50s and 30s subunits. Secondly, these subunits come together during translation to form the functional ribosome. Therefore, these ribosomal subunits are indeed necessary for protein synthesis in prokaryotes.
A: Incorrect. Translation can begin before transcription is finished in prokaryotes due to their lack of a nuclear membrane.
B: Incorrect. Messenger RNA in prokaryotes is co-linear with the DNA template as they do not undergo RNA splicing like eukaryotes.
C: Incorrect. In prokaryotes, the ribosomal RNA present is the 16s, 23s, and 5s, not 28s.
Which part of an antibody determines its antigen specificity?
- A. Fc fragment
- B. Fab region
- C. Heavy chain constant region
- D. Light chain constant region
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Fab region. The Fab region of an antibody contains the antigen-binding site, where specific interactions with antigens occur. This region is formed by the variable regions of both the heavy and light chains. The Fc fragment (choice A) is responsible for effector functions, not antigen specificity. The heavy chain constant region (choice C) and light chain constant region (choice D) are not involved in antigen binding, but rather provide structural support and determine the antibody class. Therefore, the Fab region is crucial for antigen specificity due to its variable regions that directly interact with antigens.