Nokea
Which artery generally gives rise to inferior thyroid artery?
- A. External carotid artery
- B. Internal carotid artery
- C. Brachiocephalic trunk
- D. Thyrocervical trunk
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. The inferior thyroid artery typically arises from the thyrocervical trunk.
2. The thyrocervical trunk is a branch of the subclavian artery.
3. This artery supplies blood to the thyroid gland.
4. The external carotid artery and internal carotid artery do not give rise to the inferior thyroid artery.
5. The brachiocephalic trunk does not directly supply blood to the thyroid gland.
In conclusion, the correct answer is D because the thyrocervical trunk is the main artery that gives rise to the inferior thyroid artery, providing blood supply to the thyroid gland.
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The hypersecretion of growth hormone leads to:
- A. Cretinism
- B. Myxoedema
- C. Acromegaly
- D. Graves disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Acromegaly. Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults leads to acromegaly, characterized by enlarged hands, feet, and facial features. This occurs due to excess GH after epiphyseal plate closure.
A: Cretinism is caused by congenital hypothyroidism, not GH hypersecretion.
B: Myxoedema is a severe form of hypothyroidism, not related to GH.
D: Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder causing hyperthyroidism, not GH hypersecretion.
A patient complains of polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. What is the fourth cardinal symptom of diabetes?
- A. Impaired vision
- B. Weight loss
- C. Confused thought processes
- D. Fat intolerance
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The fourth cardinal symptom of diabetes is weight loss, along with polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.
Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by ________.
- A. entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei
- B. exerting only a minor effect on body metabolism
- C. causing a reduction in the number of blood vessel adrenergic receptors, and therefore decreasing blood pressure
- D. acting to decrease basal metabolic rate
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because thyroid hormone is a lipid-soluble hormone that can diffuse across the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors within the nuclei. This binding activates gene transcription, leading to various metabolic effects. Choice B is incorrect because thyroid hormone actually has a significant impact on body metabolism. Choice C is incorrect as thyroid hormone does not directly affect blood vessel adrenergic receptors or blood pressure. Choice D is incorrect as thyroid hormone actually acts to increase basal metabolic rate, not decrease it.
Saliva contains the enzyme salivary amylase. Which food type does salivary amylase begin to break down?
- A. Proteins
- B. Starches
- C. Roughage
- D. Fats
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Salivary amylase breaks down starches into simple sugars like maltose. Starch is a complex carbohydrate found in foods like bread, pasta, and rice. When you chew food, salivary amylase in saliva starts the digestion process by breaking down starch molecules. Proteins are broken down by stomach enzymes, roughage (fiber) is not digested by enzymes in the mouth, and fats are primarily digested in the small intestine by pancreatic lipase. Therefore, choice B, starches, is the correct answer as salivary amylase specifically targets this food type for initial breakdown.
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?
- A. the rapid oxidation of carbohydrates
- B. catabolic inhibition
- C. protein synthesis
- D. humoral stimulation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: humoral stimulation. This mechanism directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Humoral stimulation refers to the regulation of hormone secretion in response to changes in blood levels of various substances like ions and nutrients. It is a feedback mechanism that helps maintain homeostasis by adjusting hormone levels based on the body's needs.
A: Rapid oxidation of carbohydrates is not related to endocrine control systems responding to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients.
B: Catabolic inhibition does not directly respond to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients.
C: Protein synthesis is not a mechanism that directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients.