Nokea
Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone:
- A. are feminizing hormones.
- B. induce virilization.
- C. are secreted by the gonads.
- D. are secreted by the adenohypophysis.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are indeed secreted by the gonads. Estrogen and progesterone are primarily produced by the ovaries in females, while testosterone is mainly produced by the testes in males. These hormones play crucial roles in reproductive functions and secondary sexual characteristics. Choices A and B are incorrect because testosterone induces virilization (masculinizing effects) while estrogen and progesterone are more associated with feminizing effects. Choice D is incorrect because estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are not secreted by the adenohypophysis, which mainly produces and releases other hormones such as growth hormone and prolactin.
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Pituitary Hormone Triggering the Male Testes to Generate Sperm and in Females, Triggering Follicular Development Every Month Is
- A. Prolactin
- B. Growth hormone
- C. Follicle-stimulating hormone
- D. Luteinizing hormone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH is responsible for triggering follicular development in females and sperm production in males. In females, FSH stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles, leading to the release of an egg during ovulation. In males, FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells in the testes to support the development of sperm.
A: Prolactin is not involved in the process of follicular development or sperm production.
B: Growth hormone is not directly related to the regulation of reproductive functions.
D: Luteinizing hormone (LH) is responsible for ovulation in females and testosterone production in males, but it is not the hormone that triggers follicular development or sperm production.
Tropic hormones ________.
- A. include ACTH and TSH
- B. do not regulate the function of other endocrine glands
- C. exert their effects on cells by direct gene activation
- D. include GH and PRL
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because tropic hormones are hormones that regulate the function of other endocrine glands, such as ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) and TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone). These hormones stimulate the target glands to release their own hormones. Choice B is incorrect because tropic hormones specifically regulate other endocrine glands. Choice C is incorrect because tropic hormones typically exert their effects by binding to specific receptors on target cells, rather than directly activating genes. Choice D is incorrect because GH (growth hormone) and PRL (prolactin) are not tropic hormones as they do not directly regulate the function of other endocrine glands.
A patient who is on corticosteroid therapy for treatment of an autoimmune disorder has the following additional drugs ordered. Which one is used to prevent corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis?
- A. Potassium
- B. Alendronate (Fosamax)
- C. Furosemide (Lasix)
- D. Pantoprazole (Protonix)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Alendronate is used to prevent osteoporosis caused by corticosteroid therapy by inhibiting bone resorption and improving bone density.
The small intestine runs from the stomach to the large intestine. It has three parts. Starting at the stomach, in which order do they occur?
- A. Ileum, duodenum, jejunum
- B. Jejunum, duodenum, ileum
- C. Duodenum, ileum, jejunum
- D. Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct order is D: Duodenum, jejunum, ileum. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine connected to the stomach for digestion. Next is the jejunum, where most of the nutrients are absorbed. Lastly, the ileum completes the absorption process before reaching the large intestine. Choice A is incorrect as it has the parts in the wrong order. Choice B also has the parts in the wrong order. Choice C has the duodenum and ileum in the correct position but switches the jejunum and ileum.
Which of the following agents might mask the hypoglycemic reaction in treated diabetic patients?
- A. Beta-adrenergic agonists
- B. Alpha-adrenergic antagonists
- C. Alpha-adrenergic agonists
- D. Beta-adrenergic antagonists
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Beta-adrenergic antagonists. Beta-blockers can mask the typical signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia such as tremors, palpitations, and sweating by inhibiting the adrenergic response to low blood sugar levels. Other choices (A, B, C) are incorrect as they do not have the same mechanism of action in masking hypoglycemic reactions in diabetic patients.