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The endocrine gland responsible for the body's circadian rhythm is the:
- A. Thymus gland.
- B. Pineal gland.
- C. Parathyroid gland.
- D. Pituitary gland.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pineal gland. The pineal gland produces melatonin, a hormone that regulates the body's circadian rhythm, including sleep-wake cycles. This gland is sensitive to light and darkness, influencing the body's internal clock.
A: Thymus gland is responsible for immune function, not circadian rhythm.
C: Parathyroid gland regulates calcium levels in the body, not circadian rhythm.
D: Pituitary gland controls various other hormones but not specifically circadian rhythm.
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A patient is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of Cushing syndrome. On physical assessment of the patient, what should the nurse expect to find?
- A. Hypertension, peripheral edema, and petechiae
- B. Weight loss, buffalo hump, and moon face with acne
- C. Abdominal and buttock striae, truncal obesity, and hypotension
- D. Anorexia, signs of dehydration, and hyperpigmentation of the skin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cushing syndrome typically presents with signs such as hypertension, peripheral edema, petechiae, and striae due to the effects of excess cortisol.
Hyoscine is one of the most effective drugs for preventing motion sickness, but may cause photophobia or blurred vision. Which is the most similar prototype drug?
- A. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor
- B. Propranolol
- C. Atropine
- D. Bethanechol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Hyoscine is an antimuscarinic drug used for motion sickness.
Step 2: Atropine is a similar prototype drug as it also belongs to the antimuscarinic class.
Step 3: Atropine, like hyoscine, can cause photophobia and blurred vision.
Step 4: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (A) are not related to antimuscarinic drugs.
Step 5: Propranolol (B) is a beta-blocker and not an antimuscarinic drug.
Step 6: Bethanechol (D) is a muscarinic agonist, opposite in action to antimuscarinic drugs like hyoscine and atropine.
The only insulin that can be administered intravenously is
- A. Lente
- B. Semi-Lente
- C. regular
- D. NPH
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Only regular insulin is approved for intravenous administration due to its rapid onset and shorter duration of action.
Which statement explains why elements in the same group of the Periodic Table have similar chemical properties?
- A. They have different numbers of protons.
- B. They have the same number of neutrons.
- C. They have the same number of electron shells.
- D. They have the same number of outer-shell electrons.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
1. Elements in the same group have similar outer electron configurations.
2. Outer-shell electrons determine chemical properties.
3. Having the same number of outer-shell electrons leads to similar chemical behaviors.
4. This is due to similar valence electron interactions in chemical reactions.
Summary:
A: Incorrect. Protons do not determine chemical properties in the same group.
B: Incorrect. Neutrons do not affect chemical properties in the same group.
C: Incorrect. Having the same number of electron shells does not guarantee similar chemical properties.
Which of the following produced only by large amounts of glucocorticoids?
- A. Normal responsiveness of fat depots to norepinephrine
- B. Maintenance of normal vascular reactivity
- C. Increased excretion of a water load
- D. Inhibition of the inflammatory response
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because glucocorticoids inhibit the inflammatory response by suppressing the immune system. Glucocorticoids reduce inflammation by blocking the production of inflammatory substances like prostaglandins and cytokines. This effect is only observed in large amounts of glucocorticoids. Choices A, B, and C are not produced exclusively by large amounts of glucocorticoids. Normal responsiveness of fat depots to norepinephrine and maintenance of normal vascular reactivity are not directly related to glucocorticoids in large amounts. Increased excretion of a water load is more influenced by other factors such as hydration status and renal function.