Nokea
Which hormones of the adrenal glands supplement the sex hormones from the gonads?
- A. Mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone
- B. Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol
- C. Gnadocorticoids, such as the androgens
- D. Epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Gnadocorticoids, such as the androgens. The adrenal glands produce androgens like DHEA which can supplement sex hormones from the gonads. Choice A, mineralocorticoids, control electrolyte and water balance. Choice B, glucocorticoids, regulate metabolism and immune response. Choice D, epinephrine and norepinephrine, are involved in the fight or flight response. Gnadcorticoids, specifically androgens, are the hormones from the adrenal glands that can supplement sex hormones from the gonads, making choice C the correct answer.
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How do hormones differ from neurotransmitters?
- A. Hormones travel through the synaptic cleft while neurotransmitters travel through the bloodstream.
- B. Hormones act on receptors while neurotransmitters do not.
- C. Hormones use speedy electrical impulses, while neurotransmitters take several seconds from the gland to the target tissue.
- D. Hormones travel through the bloodstream while neurotransmitters travel across the synaptic cleft between neurons.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Hormones travel through the bloodstream while neurotransmitters travel across the synaptic cleft between neurons. Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream to target distant tissues, while neurotransmitters are released by neurons into the synaptic cleft to transmit signals locally between neurons. Choice A is incorrect as hormones do not travel through the synaptic cleft, and neurotransmitters do not travel through the bloodstream. Choice B is incorrect as both hormones and neurotransmitters act on specific receptors. Choice C is incorrect as hormones do not use electrical impulses; instead, they travel through the bloodstream.
A client is scheduled to have a glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) drawn and asks the nurse why she has to have it. How would the nurse respond?
- A. It measures your average blood glucose level for the past 3 months.
- B. It determines what type of anemia you may have.
- C. It measures the amount of liver glycogen you have.
- D. It determines you have some type of leukemia or other blood cancer.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
1. A glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) test measures the average blood glucose level over the past 3 months.
2. It is important for monitoring and managing diabetes.
3. The test reflects long-term blood sugar control, providing valuable information about diabetes management.
4. The nurse should explain this to the client to emphasize the significance of the test in managing their health.
Summary:
B: Incorrect. A1C does not determine anemia type.
C: Incorrect. A1C does not measure liver glycogen.
D: Incorrect. A1C does not diagnose leukemia or blood cancer.
Giving a single IV injection of phenylephrine can be used to normalize a rapid heart rate in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). How does phenylephrine do this?
- A. It blocks the beta-receptors on the heart
- B. It stimulates norepinephrine release from sympathetic nerves to the heart
- C. It raises blood pressure, slowing the heart via the baroreceptor reflex
- D. It stimulates ACh esterase at parasympathetic nerves to the heart
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
1. Phenylephrine is a vasoconstrictor that raises blood pressure.
2. Increased blood pressure activates the baroreceptor reflex.
3. Baroreceptor reflex detects elevated blood pressure and sends signals to the brain.
4. The brain then signals the heart to slow down, thus normalizing the rapid heart rate in PSVT.
Summary:
A: Blocking beta-receptors would have the opposite effect, as beta-blockers slow down the heart rate.
B: Stimulating norepinephrine release would increase heart rate, not slow it down.
D: ACh esterase is involved in the breakdown of acetylcholine, not relevant to the mechanism of action of phenylephrine in PSVT.
In the pancreas, which are the cells that secrete insulin, decrease the blood levels of glucose.
- A. delta.
- B. alpha.
- C. beta.
- D. beta.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: beta cells. Beta cells in the pancreas secrete insulin, which helps decrease blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells for energy production. Delta cells (choice A) secrete somatostatin, which inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion. Alpha cells (choice B) secrete glucagon, which increases blood glucose levels. Choice D is a duplicate of choice C. Therefore, the correct answer is C as beta cells play a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels through insulin secretion.
Following the teaching of foot care to a diabetic patient, the nurse determines that additional instruction is needed when the patient makes which statement?
- A. I should wash my feet daily with soap and warm water.
- B. I should always wear shoes to protect my feet from injury.
- C. If my feet are cold, I should wear socks instead of using a heating pad.
- D. I'll know if I have sores or lesions on my feet because they will be painful.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Patients with diabetes may not feel pain due to neuropathy, so they must regularly inspect their feet for sores or lesions.