Nokea
Which of the following symptoms of diabetes mellitus is correctly matched to its description?
- A. polyuria - excessive thirst
- B. polyphagia - excessive ketones in the blood
- C. polydipsia - excessive urine
- D. glycosuria - excessive sugar in the urine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, glycosuria - excessive sugar in the urine. In diabetes mellitus, high blood sugar levels lead to glucose spilling into the urine, causing glycosuria. Polyuria (excessive urine) is due to the kidneys trying to eliminate the excess glucose. Polyphagia (excessive hunger) results from cells not receiving enough glucose for energy. Polydipsia (excessive thirst) occurs as a result of dehydration from polyuria. Choice D is correct as it directly relates to the presence of sugar in the urine, a hallmark symptom of diabetes mellitus.
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Steroid hormones influence cellular activities by __________.
- A. activating cyclic AMP located outside the cell
- B. binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex
- C. activating G proteins
- D. using calcium ions as a second messenger
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because steroid hormones bind to DNA and form a gene-hormone complex, which then regulates gene expression. This directly influences cellular activities at the genetic level. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because steroid hormones do not activate cyclic AMP, G proteins, or use calcium ions as second messengers for their cellular actions. Steroid hormones act through genomic mechanisms, not via the signaling pathways associated with choices A, C, and D.
If growth hormone is overproduced in the adult, what is the resulting condition called?
- A. pituitary dwarfism
- B. gigantism
- C. acromegaly
- D. myxedema
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: acromegaly. In adults, overproduction of growth hormone leads to acromegaly, characterized by enlarged bones and tissues. Pituitary dwarfism (choice A) results from growth hormone deficiency. Gigantism (choice B) occurs when excess growth hormone is produced before epiphyseal plate closure in children. Myxedema (choice D) is associated with hypothyroidism, not growth hormone overproduction. Therefore, choice C is the correct answer as it specifically refers to the condition resulting from excessive growth hormone in adults.
Adam has just been diagnosed with diabetes insipidus. The most common presenting sign is:
- A. Body wasting.
- B. Hyperglycemia.
- C. Hypoglycemia.
- D. Increase in urination.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The hallmark symptom of diabetes insipidus is polyuria (excessive urination), which occurs due to the kidney's inability to concentrate urine.
Propranolol can produce the following EXCEPT:
- A. Stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors
- B. Blockade of beta adrenergic receptors
- C. Depression of cardiac contractility
- D. Decreased blood pressure
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors. Propranolol is a beta-blocker that works by blocking beta adrenergic receptors, not stimulating them. Blocking these receptors leads to decreased heart rate, reduced cardiac contractility, and lowered blood pressure. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because propranolol actually blocks beta adrenergic receptors, depresses cardiac contractility, and decreases blood pressure, respectively.
The term catecholamine best describes drugs that are:
- A. Adrenergic receptor blockers
- B. Atropine-like in terms of their mechanisms and sites of action
- C. Classified like neostigmine and physostigmine
- D. Similar to adrenaline and noradrenaline in terms of structure and major pharmacologic properties
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because catecholamines are structurally similar to adrenaline and noradrenaline, sharing a catechol nucleus and amine group. This similarity allows them to exert similar pharmacologic effects such as increasing heart rate and blood pressure. Adrenergic receptor blockers (A) inhibit the action of catecholamines, atropine-like drugs (B) block muscarinic receptors, and neostigmine and physostigmine (C) are cholinesterase inhibitors, not catecholamines.