Nokea
Which is absorbed mainly in the colon?
- A. short chain fatty acids
- B. calcium
- C. vitamin K
- D. oligosaccharides
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: short chain fatty acids. The colon is where most of the absorption of short chain fatty acids occurs after digestion in the small intestine. Short chain fatty acids are produced by gut bacteria breaking down dietary fiber and play a crucial role in energy production and maintaining gut health. Calcium is primarily absorbed in the small intestine, vitamin K is absorbed in the small intestine and liver, and oligosaccharides are mainly broken down in the small intestine by enzymes. Therefore, A is the correct answer as it aligns with the specific absorption function of the colon.
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Organophosphate insecticides and nerve gases exert their lethal effects by:
- A. Blocking alpha and β-adrenergic receptors
- B. Blocking all muscarinic receptors on target cells
- C. Blocking nicotinic receptors in the brain
- D. Inhibiting acetylcholine metabolism
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because organophosphate insecticides and nerve gases inhibit acetylcholine metabolism by irreversibly binding to acetylcholinesterase enzyme, leading to accumulation of acetylcholine at synapses. This results in overstimulation of cholinergic receptors, causing symptoms of cholinergic toxicity.
Choice A is incorrect because alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors are not the targets of organophosphates. Choice B is incorrect because organophosphates do not block all muscarinic receptors. Choice C is incorrect because organophosphates do not specifically target nicotinic receptors in the brain.
Hormones can be put into two categories based on chemical makeup. What are these categories?
- A. glands and cortex
- B. proteins and carbohydrates
- C. peptides (proteins) and steroids
- D. endocrine and ectocrine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: peptides (proteins) and steroids. Peptides and steroids are the two main categories of hormones based on their chemical makeup. Peptides are made up of amino acids and include proteins, while steroids are derived from cholesterol. This classification is essential because it determines how hormones are synthesized and how they interact with target cells. Glands and cortex (option A) do not represent the chemical makeup of hormones, proteins and carbohydrates (option B) are broad categories that do not specifically address hormone types, and endocrine and ectocrine (option D) refer to different types of glands, not the chemical composition of hormones.
Which of the following drugs is expected to cause anticholinergic adverse effects:
- A. Codeine
- B. Ciprofloxacin
- C. Amitriptyline
- D. Propranolol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Amitriptyline. Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant known for its anticholinergic properties, causing dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, and urinary retention. Anticholinergic effects result from blocking the action of acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system. Codeine (A) is an opioid, Ciprofloxacin (B) is an antibiotic, and Propranolol (D) is a beta-blocker, none of which are expected to cause significant anticholinergic effects.
Alexa, a 32-year-old woman, has been diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Nursing interventions would include teaching her about the typical accompanying signs and symptoms, such as:
- A. Weight loss, malar rash, and pharyngitis.
- B. Hypothyroidism, podagra, and elevated fasting glucose.
- C. Violaceous rash, pitting peripheral edema, and palpitation.
- D. Hypertension, low HDL, and elevated triglycerides.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a combination of hypertension, low HDL cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, abdominal obesity, and elevated fasting glucose.
All of the following are cardiovascular actions of noradrenaline EXCEPT:
- A. Increases systolic blood pressure
- B. Increases diastolic blood pressure
- C. Reflex bradycardia
- D. Constriction of coronary blood vessels
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Noradrenaline acts on alpha receptors in the cardiovascular system, leading to increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure. It also causes reflex bradycardia by activating baroreceptors. However, noradrenaline does not directly constrict coronary blood vessels, as it primarily acts on alpha receptors and not on coronary vessels. This lack of direct effect on coronary blood vessels is why option D is the correct answer.