Nokea
The structure leading to the stomach is called?
- A. Pharynx
- B. Epiglottis
- C. Oesophagus
- D. Larynx
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Oesophagus. The oesophagus is the structure leading to the stomach that carries food from the mouth to the stomach through peristalsis. The pharynx (A) is the throat cavity, the epiglottis (B) is a flap that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing, and the larynx (D) is the voice box. Therefore, the oesophagus is the correct answer as it specifically functions to transport food to the stomach.
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To assure accuracy of a urine test for glucose and acetone, the nurse instructs the patient to
- A. perform the urine test one-half hour after meals and at bedtime
- B. drink three glasses of water before the test
- C. void one-half hour before the test, then at the time of the test
- D. increase carbohydrate intake if the results are negative
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: To ensure accurate results, the patient should void before the test and then test the urine at the specified time.
A patient with hypoparathyroidism resulting from surgical treatment of hyperparathyroidism is preparing for discharge. What should the nurse teach the patient?
- A. Milk and milk products should be increased in the diet.
- B. Parenteral replacement of parathyroid hormone will be required for life.
- C. Calcium supplements with vitamin D can effectively maintain calcium balance.
- D. Bran and whole-grain foods should be used to prevent GI effects of replacement therapy.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Calcium supplements with vitamin D are essential to maintain calcium balance in patients with hypoparathyroidism.
Which is INCORRECT regarding nerve supply to the gut?
- A. the blood vessels are known to have enteric, parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation
- B. the myenteric plexus lies between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers
- C. parasympathetic supply is via vagal and sacral nerve
- D. sympathetic supply is often inhibitory on cholinergic postganglionic fibres
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because blood vessels in the gut are primarily innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers, not by enteric nerves. Enteric nerves are confined to the gastrointestinal tract itself and are responsible for regulating gut motility, secretion, and blood flow. Sympathetic innervation typically causes vasoconstriction, while parasympathetic innervation promotes vasodilation. The myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus) lies between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers, regulating gut motility. Parasympathetic supply to the gut is mainly through the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) and sacral nerves (pelvic splanchnic nerves). Sympathetic supply can either be inhibitory or excitatory, but generally, sympathetic fibers are inhibitory on cholinergic postganglionic fibers in the gut.
What accurately demonstrates that hormones of one gland influence the function of hormones of another gland?
- A. Increased insulin levels inhibit the secretion of glucagon.
- B. Increased cortisol levels stimulate the secretion of insulin.
- C. Increased testosterone levels inhibit the release of estrogen.
- D. Increased atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels inhibit the secretion of aldosterone.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Increased insulin levels inhibit the secretion of glucagon, demonstrating the interaction between these hormones in maintaining glucose balance.
The patient with adrenal insufficiency is to be discharged taking prednisone 10 mg orally each day. What will you be sure to teach the patient?
- A. Report excessive weight gain or swelling to the physician.
- B. Rapid changes of position may cause hypotension.
- C. A diet with foods high in potassium may be beneficial.
- D. Signs of hypoglycemia may occur while taking this drug.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Patients taking prednisone for adrenal insufficiency should be advised that rapid changes of position can lead to hypotension due to the body's decreased ability to regulate blood pressure.