Nokea
Which hormone is produced throughout a menstrual cycle?
- A. FSH
- B. estrogen
- C. LH
- D. progesterone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: estrogen. Estrogen is produced throughout the menstrual cycle by the ovaries. It plays a key role in regulating the menstrual cycle, promoting the growth of the uterine lining, and preparing the body for ovulation. FSH and LH are involved in stimulating the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone, respectively. Progesterone is mainly produced in the second half of the menstrual cycle, after ovulation, to support pregnancy. Therefore, estrogen is the hormone that is produced consistently throughout the menstrual cycle, making it the correct answer.
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Two days before the onset of menstruation, secretions of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) reach their lowest levels. What is the cause of this low level of secretion?
- A. The anterior pituitary gland becomes unresponsive to the stimulatory effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
- B. Estrogen from the developing follicles exerts a feedback inhibition on the hypothalamus
- C. The rise in body temperature inhibits hypothalamic release of GnRH
- D. Secretion of estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin by the corpus luteum suppresses hypothalamic secretion of GnRH and pituitary secretion of FSH
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because two days before menstruation, the corpus luteum secretes estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin, which collectively suppress the hypothalamus's secretion of GnRH and the pituitary gland's secretion of FSH and LH. This hormonal feedback loop helps prepare the body for menstruation.
A: The anterior pituitary gland becoming unresponsive to GnRH does not explain the low FSH and LH levels.
B: Estrogen from developing follicles typically exerts a positive feedback on the hypothalamus, not inhibitory feedback.
C: The rise in body temperature does not directly impact FSH and LH levels; it is more related to ovulation.
The structure between the uterus and the vagina is the
- A. uterine tube
- B. cervix
- C. vulva
- D. hymen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: cervix. The cervix is the structure between the uterus and the vagina, serving as the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It plays a crucial role in pregnancy by allowing sperm to enter the uterus and facilitating the passage of menstrual blood.
Rationale:
1. The uterine tube (A) is not the correct answer as it connects the ovaries to the uterus and is not located between the uterus and the vagina.
2. The vulva (C) is the external genitalia and is not the structure between the uterus and the vagina.
3. The hymen (D) is a thin membrane at the opening of the vagina and does not serve as the structure between the uterus and the vagina.
The purpose of the urethra is to
- A. carry only urine
- B. carry only semen
- C. carry a mixture of semen and urine
- D. carry both semen and urine but not at the same time
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. The urethra is a tube that carries both urine from the bladder and semen from the reproductive system. This is essential for the excretion of waste (urine) and reproduction (semen). Choice A is incorrect because the urethra carries both urine and semen. Choice B is incorrect as the urethra carries both substances, not just semen. Choice C is incorrect because the urethra carries semen and urine separately, not as a mixture. Overall, choice D is correct because the urethra can carry both semen and urine, just not simultaneously.
The vagina is inserted on the:
- A. uterine corpus;
- B. uterine cervix;
- C. Fallopian tube;
- D. cervix
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: cervix. The vagina is inserted on the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that connects the uterus to the vagina. The cervix serves as a passageway for sperm to enter the uterus and for menstrual blood to exit. The other choices (A: uterine corpus, B: uterine cervix, C: Fallopian tube) are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the anatomical structure where the vagina is inserted. It is essential to understand the specific anatomical relationships to identify the correct answer.
Frank is a 24 year old man who presents with multiple vesicles and burning erosions on the shaft of his penis and some tender inguinal adenopathy. Which of the following is most likely?
- A. Primary syphilis
- B. Herpes simplex
- C. Chancroid
- D. Gonorrhea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Herpes simplex. This is because the presentation of multiple vesicles, burning erosions on the penis shaft, and inguinal adenopathy is classic for genital herpes. Primary syphilis (A) presents with a painless chancre, chancroid (C) with painful ulcers, and gonorrhea (D) with urethral discharge or dysuria. Genital herpes is a viral infection caused by HSV-1 or HSV-2 and typically presents with vesicles, erosions, and adenopathy in the affected area.