Nokea
A 28-year-old woman presents to the clinic with complaints of pelvic pain, urinary urgency, and dysuria. The nurse suspects interstitial cystitis. Which of the following is a common symptom of interstitial cystitis?
- A. Severe abdominal cramping.
- B. Painful urination and frequent bladder infections.
- C. Frequent urination and pelvic pressure.
- D. Dysuria and urinary retention.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Painful urination and frequent bladder infections. Interstitial cystitis is characterized by chronic bladder inflammation causing pain and discomfort during urination. This leads to painful urination and an increased risk of developing frequent bladder infections due to the compromised bladder lining. Severe abdominal cramping (A) is not a common symptom of interstitial cystitis. Frequent urination and pelvic pressure (C) are also common symptoms but not specific to interstitial cystitis. Dysuria and urinary retention (D) are not typically associated with interstitial cystitis.
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The following tetracycline has the potential to cause vestibular toxicity:
- A. Doxycycline
- B. Oxytetracycline
- C. Minocycline
- D. Demeclocycline
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Minocycline is known to cause vestibular toxicity due to its lipophilicity and ability to accumulate in inner ear structures.
2. Vestibular toxicity can manifest as dizziness, vertigo, and imbalance.
3. Doxycycline, oxytetracycline, and demeclocycline are less likely to cause vestibular toxicity.
4. Doxycycline is commonly used and well-tolerated, oxytetracycline has a different side effect profile, and demeclocycline is primarily associated with nephrotoxicity.
Summary:
Choice C (Minocycline) is correct due to its propensity for causing vestibular toxicity. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they are less likely to cause this specific adverse effect.
A 22-year-old woman has been considering using oral contraceptives. As a part of her health history, the nurse should ask:
- A. Do you have a history of heart murmurs?
- B. Will you be in a monogamous relationship?
- C. Have you carefully thought this choice through?
- D. If you smoke, how many cigarettes do you smoke per day?
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular complications with oral contraceptives. By asking about the number of cigarettes smoked per day, the nurse can assess the level of risk. Choice A is incorrect as it is not directly related to the safety of oral contraceptives. Choice B is important for overall sexual health but not directly related to the safety of oral contraceptives. Choice C is vague and does not provide specific information about potential risks associated with oral contraceptives.
Which of the following drug should be used only as clinical curative but not as prophylactic in malaria?:
- A. Pyrimethamine + sulfadoxine
- B. Proguanil
- C. Primaquine
- D. Mefloquine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Primaquine. Primaquine is used for clinical curative treatment of malaria, particularly for the eradication of hypnozoites in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale infections. It is not used as a prophylactic drug due to its potential side effects, such as hemolysis in individuals with G6PD deficiency.
Choice A (Pyrimethamine + sulfadoxine) is a combination used for both treatment and prophylaxis.
Choice B (Proguanil) is used for prophylaxis and treatment.
Choice D (Mefloquine) is used for both prophylaxis and treatment of malaria.
The following tetracycline has the potential to cause vestibular toxicity: *
- A. Doxycline
- B. Oxytetracycline
- C. Minocycline
- D. Demeclocycline
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Minocycline. Minocycline has a higher potential for vestibular toxicity compared to other tetracyclines due to its greater lipid solubility, leading to increased penetration of the blood-brain barrier and inner ear. This can result in dizziness, vertigo, and imbalance.
Choice A, Doxycycline, is less likely to cause vestibular toxicity since it has lower lipid solubility and reduced penetration into the inner ear. Choice B, Oxytetracycline, and Choice D, Demeclocycline, also have lower potential for vestibular toxicity compared to Minocycline due to similar reasons. Overall, Minocycline stands out as the correct answer due to its unique pharmacokinetic properties that predispose it to vestibular toxicity.
The process by which water is reabsorbed by following solutes when they are reabsorbed is called
- A. obligatory water reabsorption
- B. facultative water reabsorption
- C. osmotic water reabsorption
- D. renin-angiotensin water reabsorption
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: facultative water reabsorption. This process occurs in the collecting ducts of the nephron in the kidney, where water reabsorption is regulated based on the body's hydration levels. When solutes like sodium are reabsorbed, water follows passively through aquaporin channels, adjusting the amount of water reabsorbed according to the body's needs.
A: Obligatory water reabsorption refers to the constant reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule and descending loop of Henle, not regulated based on hydration levels.
C: Osmotic water reabsorption is a general term referring to the movement of water based on osmotic gradients, not specifically regulated by solute reabsorption.
D: Renin-angiotensin water reabsorption involves the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in response to low blood pressure, focusing on sodium reabsorption rather than direct regulation of