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A nurse is counseling a couple on lifestyle modifications to improve fertility. Which recommendation is most appropriate?
- A. Increase caffeine intake for better energy.
- B. Maintain a healthy weight and avoid smoking.
- C. Engage in intensive daily exercise.
- D. Focus solely on timing of intercourse.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Maintain a healthy weight and avoid smoking. This recommendation is most appropriate because both factors significantly impact fertility. Being at a healthy weight improves hormonal balance and ovulation, while smoking can harm sperm quality and reduce fertility.
Explanation for why other choices are incorrect:
A: Increasing caffeine intake may negatively affect fertility, as high levels of caffeine have been linked to reduced fertility in both men and women.
C: Engaging in intensive daily exercise can actually disrupt menstrual cycles and ovulation, negatively impacting fertility.
D: Focusing solely on timing of intercourse overlooks the importance of overall lifestyle factors that can affect fertility, such as diet, weight, and smoking.
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A couple is learning about assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Which method involves retrieving eggs and fertilizing them outside the body?
- A. Intrauterine insemination (IUI)
- B. In-vitro fertilization (IVF)
- C. Ovarian stimulation
- D. Egg freezing
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: In-vitro fertilization (IVF). In IVF, eggs are retrieved from the ovaries and fertilized with sperm in a laboratory dish. This method involves fertilization outside the body, making it the correct choice.
A: Intrauterine insemination (IUI) involves placing washed sperm directly into the uterus, not fertilizing eggs outside the body.
C: Ovarian stimulation is a process to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs but does not involve fertilization outside the body.
D: Egg freezing is a method where eggs are frozen for future use but does not involve fertilization outside the body.
A patient asks for advice regarding whether to have children in the future after hearing she is a carrier for an autosomal-recessive disorder. What is the nurse's best response?
- A. Encourage the patient to avoid having children as the risk of having a child with a disorder is 50%.
- B. Explain that if the patient proceeds with a pregnancy, her risk of having a child with a disorder is 25% because she is only a carrier.
- C. Encourage the patient to pursue pregnancy, informing her that she can always terminate a pregnancy if the fetus is found to be affected.
- D. Ask the patient to describe her feelings about potentially having an affected infant.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because it demonstrates empathy, promotes open communication, and supports patient autonomy. By asking the patient to describe her feelings, the nurse can understand her emotional state, values, and beliefs, which are crucial in decision-making. This approach encourages shared decision-making and allows the nurse to provide individualized support.
Choice A is incorrect because it is overly deterministic and does not consider individual circumstances. Choice B is incorrect as it simplifies the genetic risk calculation and overlooks the emotional aspect of decision-making. Choice C is incorrect as it may not respect the patient's autonomy and fails to address the emotional and ethical complexities involved in such a decision.
When assessing cervical effacement of a client in labor, the nurse assesses which characteristic?
- A. extent of opening to its widest diameter
- B. degree of thinning
- C. passage of the mucous plug
- D. fetal presenting part
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cervical effacement refers to the degree of thinning of the cervix, not the extent of opening. This assessment is important in determining progress in labor. The other options are not related to cervical effacement.
A patient asks about the benefits of time-lapse embryo monitoring in IVF. What should the nurse highlight?
- A. It guarantees successful implantation of embryos.
- B. It allows continuous observation of embryo development without disturbing the culture environment.
- C. It eliminates the need for hormone support during IVF.
- D. It shortens the time required for fertilization.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because time-lapse embryo monitoring in IVF allows continuous observation of embryo development without disturbing the culture environment. This is crucial as it provides real-time data on embryo growth and helps in selecting the healthiest embryos for transfer. Choice A is incorrect as implantation success is not guaranteed by monitoring alone. Choice C is incorrect as hormone support is still needed in IVF. Choice D is incorrect as time-lapse monitoring does not affect the fertilization process itself.
The nurse in a genetic clinic interviews a couple and develops a pedigree chart. Which inheritance patterns does the pedigree chart portray?
- A. Autosomal recessive
- B. X-linked recessive
- C. Autosomal dominant
- D. X-linked dominant
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Autosomal dominant. In an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, the trait is passed down from generation to generation, affecting both males and females equally. This is indicated by the presence of the trait in every generation of the pedigree chart. In contrast, autosomal recessive traits would skip generations and require both parents to be carriers. X-linked recessive traits mainly affect males and skip generations. X-linked dominant traits would be present in every generation but would affect more females than males.