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A nurse is providing care to a woman in labor. After assessment of the fetus, the nurse documents the fetal lie. Which term would the nurse use?
- A. flexion
- B. extension
- C. longitudinal
- D. cephalic
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because fetal lie refers to the relationship of the long axis of the fetus to the long axis of the mother. The primary lies are longitudinal, oblique, and transverse. Flexion and extension are terms used to describe fetal attitude, while cephalic is used to describe fetal presentation.
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A patient undergoing IVF asks about the role of gonadotropins. What should the nurse explain?
- A. Gonadotropins suppress ovulation to control the cycle.
- B. They stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs for retrieval.
- C. They are only used during natural conception cycles.
- D. Gonadotropins replace progesterone in early pregnancy.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because gonadotropins stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs for retrieval during IVF. This is crucial to increase the chances of successful fertilization. Choice A is incorrect as gonadotropins actually stimulate ovulation. Choice C is incorrect as gonadotropins are specifically used in assisted reproductive technologies like IVF. Choice D is incorrect as gonadotropins do not replace progesterone but rather help in follicular development.
A nurse is offering preconception counseling to a couple. What advice should be emphasized to support fertility?
- A. Smoking cessation improves both male and female fertility.
- B. Caffeine intake has no impact on fertility.
- C. Stress management is unnecessary if ovulation occurs regularly.
- D. High protein diets guarantee improved egg quality.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Smoking cessation improves both male and female fertility. Smoking negatively impacts fertility by reducing sperm quality, disrupting hormone production, and affecting egg quality. By quitting smoking, both partners can improve their chances of conceiving.
Summary:
B: Caffeine intake can affect fertility, so moderate consumption is recommended.
C: Stress management is important for fertility, as stress can disrupt hormonal balance.
D: High protein diets alone do not guarantee improved egg quality; a balanced diet is essential for fertility.
A couple is learning about assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Which method involves retrieving eggs and fertilizing them outside the body?
- A. Intrauterine insemination (IUI)
- B. In-vitro fertilization (IVF)
- C. Ovarian stimulation
- D. Egg freezing
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: In-vitro fertilization (IVF). In IVF, eggs are retrieved from the ovaries and fertilized with sperm in a laboratory dish. This method involves fertilization outside the body, making it the correct choice.
A: Intrauterine insemination (IUI) involves placing washed sperm directly into the uterus, not fertilizing eggs outside the body.
C: Ovarian stimulation is a process to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs but does not involve fertilization outside the body.
D: Egg freezing is a method where eggs are frozen for future use but does not involve fertilization outside the body.
A patient asks for advice regarding whether to have children in the future after hearing she is a carrier for an autosomal-recessive disorder. What is the nurse's best response?
- A. Encourage the patient to avoid having children as the risk of having a child with a disorder is 50%.
- B. Explain that if the patient proceeds with a pregnancy, her risk of having a child with a disorder is 25% because she is only a carrier.
- C. Encourage the patient to pursue pregnancy, informing her that she can always terminate a pregnancy if the fetus is found to be affected.
- D. Ask the patient to describe her feelings about potentially having an affected infant.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because it demonstrates empathy, promotes open communication, and supports patient autonomy. By asking the patient to describe her feelings, the nurse can understand her emotional state, values, and beliefs, which are crucial in decision-making. This approach encourages shared decision-making and allows the nurse to provide individualized support.
Choice A is incorrect because it is overly deterministic and does not consider individual circumstances. Choice B is incorrect as it simplifies the genetic risk calculation and overlooks the emotional aspect of decision-making. Choice C is incorrect as it may not respect the patient's autonomy and fails to address the emotional and ethical complexities involved in such a decision.
The nurse in a genetic clinic interviews a couple and develops a pedigree chart. Which inheritance patterns does the pedigree chart portray?
- A. Autosomal recessive
- B. X-linked recessive
- C. Autosomal dominant
- D. X-linked dominant
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Autosomal dominant. In an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, the trait is passed down from generation to generation, affecting both males and females equally. This is indicated by the presence of the trait in every generation of the pedigree chart. In contrast, autosomal recessive traits would skip generations and require both parents to be carriers. X-linked recessive traits mainly affect males and skip generations. X-linked dominant traits would be present in every generation but would affect more females than males.