Nokea
A patient prescribed corticosteroids for arthritis is surprised to learn of an immune disorder. What should the nurse explain as the reason for the patient not demonstrating typical signs of immune dysfunction?
- A. The arthritis is masking the normal immune response.
- B. The corticosteroids are causing the thymus gland to malfunction.
- C. The arthritis is interfering with the function of immunoglobulins.
- D. Corticosteroids are impacting normal immune response functioning.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because corticosteroids are known to suppress the immune system by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and preventing the activation of immune cells. This suppression can lead to a decreased immune response, making it less likely for the patient to exhibit typical signs of immune dysfunction.
A: The arthritis masking the immune response is not a plausible explanation as arthritis does not directly affect immune function.
B: Corticosteroids do not cause the thymus gland to malfunction; they mainly impact immune response at the cellular level.
C: Arthritis affecting immunoglobulin function is not a common mechanism of immune dysfunction in this context.
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What is the outcome of clonal selection after a lymphocyte is activated?
- A. Cytokine suppression
- B. Formation of memory and effector cells
- C. Antigen elimination without cellular proliferation
- D. Destruction of the lymphocyte
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because clonal selection during lymphocyte activation leads to the formation of memory and effector cells. This process involves the proliferation and differentiation of the activated lymphocyte into these specialized cells, which play crucial roles in immune responses upon encountering the same antigen in the future. Cytokine suppression (choice A) is not the direct outcome of clonal selection but may be a regulatory mechanism during immune responses. Antigen elimination without cellular proliferation (choice C) is not accurate as clonal selection involves the expansion of specific lymphocyte clones. Destruction of the lymphocyte (choice D) is not the outcome of clonal selection, as activated lymphocytes undergo proliferation and differentiation rather than destruction.
Autoimmune diseases are associated with several susceptibility factors. Environmental factors associated with increased risk of autoimmune disease include:
- A. Infections
- B. Level of exposure to the sun
- C. Imbalance of microbiota composition
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above." Autoimmune diseases have complex causes, involving genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Infections can trigger autoimmune responses, sunlight exposure can influence immune function, and an imbalance in microbiota composition can lead to dysregulated immune responses. Therefore, all three factors can contribute to an increased risk of autoimmune diseases. Choices A, B, and C individually are all associated with autoimmune diseases, making option D the correct choice.
Which if the following concerned Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is NOT true
- A. Both women and men are infected
- B. It can cause cervical cancer
- C. The HPV vaccine is a prophylactic recombinant vaccine
- D. HPV is a DNA virus that can integrate into the cellular genome
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: The correct answer is E, as it states that the question is asking for a statement that is NOT true regarding HPV. Choices A, B, C, and D are all true statements about HPV. A) Both women and men can be infected with HPV. B) HPV can indeed cause cervical cancer. C) The HPV vaccine is a prophylactic recombinant vaccine. D) HPV is a DNA virus that can integrate into the cellular genome. Therefore, the only option left, E, is the correct answer as it contradicts the true statements provided in the other choices.
A patient has come to the ambulatory care clinic with a sprain. The nurse correctly differentiates a grade 2 sprain from a grade 3 sprain with the assessment of which finding?
- A. Pain
- B. Swelling
- C. Bleeding into the joint
- D. Minor loss of function
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Minor loss of function. A grade 2 sprain involves partial tearing of the ligament, leading to moderate pain, swelling, and a significant loss of function. In contrast, a grade 3 sprain involves complete tearing of the ligament, resulting in severe pain, significant swelling, and major loss of function. By assessing for minor loss of function, the nurse can differentiate between the two grades of sprains. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not specifically differentiate between a grade 2 and grade 3 sprain based on the level of functional impairment.
What is the typical outcome of a C1q deficiency in the complement system?
- A. Enhanced inflammation
- B. Reduced phagocytosis
- C. Autoimmune diseases such as SLE
- D. Increased cancer risk
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Autoimmune diseases such as SLE. C1q is essential for the classical pathway of the complement system, which plays a crucial role in clearing immune complexes. A deficiency in C1q can lead to impaired immune complex clearance, resulting in the development of autoimmune diseases like Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).
Choice A (Enhanced inflammation) is incorrect because a deficiency in C1q would actually lead to decreased inflammation due to impaired complement activation.
Choice B (Reduced phagocytosis) is incorrect because phagocytosis is primarily mediated by the alternative pathway of the complement system, not the classical pathway involving C1q.
Choice D (Increased cancer risk) is incorrect as C1q deficiency is not directly associated with an increased risk of cancer.