Nokea
Accumulation of excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity is called
- A. peritonitis.
- B. a hiatal hernia.
- C. an inguinal hernia.
- D. ascites.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: ascites. Ascites is the accumulation of excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity. This condition can be caused by liver disease, heart failure, kidney disease, or certain cancers. Peritonitis (A) is inflammation of the peritoneum, not fluid accumulation. Hiatal hernia (B) is a condition where the stomach bulges through the diaphragm. Inguinal hernia (C) is the protrusion of abdominal contents through the inguinal canal. Hence, choices A, B, and C are incorrect in the context of excess fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity.
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Which of the following diagnostic tests can be given to a client who cannot retain dye tablets given to test his gallbladder?
- A. Oral cholecystography
- B. Cholangiography
- C. Barium enema
- D. Barium swallow
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cholangiography is used as an alternative to oral cholecystography when a client cannot retain the dye tablets.
What is the function of bile in digestion?
- A. Emulsify fats
- B. Break down proteins
- C. Break down carbohydrates
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Emulsify fats. Bile emulsifies fats by breaking them down into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for enzymes to work on, aiding in the digestion and absorption of fats. Choices B and C are incorrect as bile specifically targets fats, not proteins or carbohydrates. Choice D is incorrect as bile plays a crucial role in fat digestion.
Which cells secrete hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
- A. Parietal cells
- B. Chief cells
- C. Mucous neck cells
- D. Enteroendocrine cells
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Parietal cells. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid in the stomach to create the acidic environment necessary for digestion. They also secrete intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption. Chief cells produce pepsinogen, not hydrochloric acid. Mucous neck cells secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining. Enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones like gastrin, not hydrochloric acid. Therefore, the correct choice is A as it directly produces hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
The carcinoid syndrome is likely to occur with carcinoid tumors:
- A. of the appendix
- B. localized to the ileum
- C. both
- D. neither
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because carcinoid syndrome can occur with carcinoid tumors of the appendix and ileum. Carcinoid tumors of the appendix can lead to carcinoid syndrome due to the release of serotonin and other vasoactive substances. Similarly, carcinoid tumors localized to the ileum can also produce these substances, leading to the development of carcinoid syndrome. Choices A and B alone are not comprehensive enough as both sites can give rise to carcinoid syndrome. Choice D is incorrect as carcinoid syndrome can indeed occur with tumors from both sites.
The stomach produces acids, which denature protein, and popsin that digests protein. The cell membranes of the epithelial cells lining the stomach contain protein. The protein in the epithelial cells are not denatured or digested because
- A. the membranes contain a different type of protein that resists denaturation and digestion.
- B. mucus coats the epithelium.
- C. cell membranes are destroyed but mitotic activity replaces cells with new ones every few hours.
- D. hormones produced by the endocrine cells protect the cell membranes and neutralize the acid pH.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: mucus coats the epithelium. The mucus layer acts as a protective barrier that prevents the acid and pepsin from coming into direct contact with the epithelial cells. This physical barrier helps to shield the cell membranes from denaturation and digestion. Choice A is incorrect because the type of protein in the cell membranes does not determine their resistance to denaturation and digestion. Choice C is incorrect because cell membranes are not destroyed, and mitotic activity does not play a role in protecting the cell membranes. Choice D is incorrect because hormones do not directly protect the cell membranes from acid and pepsin; rather, it is the mucus layer that provides the necessary protection.