Nokea
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the ___ to produce and release its hormones.
- A. anterior pituitary
- B. adrenal medulla
- C. kidneys
- D. adrenal cortex
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: adrenal cortex. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce and release its hormones, including cortisol. The anterior pituitary produces ACTH, but it does not release hormones itself. The adrenal medulla is primarily stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system, not ACTH. The kidneys are not directly stimulated by ACTH to produce and release hormones. Therefore, the adrenal cortex is the correct choice as it directly responds to ACTH stimulation.
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Hyperglycemia, glucosuria, polyuria, and acidosis are:
- A. most apt to be caused by a deficiency of insulin.
- B. characteristic of diabetes insipidus.
- C. the consequences of a hormone-secreting tumor of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.
- D. indicative of a deficiency of ADH.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice A being correct:
1. Hyperglycemia is high blood sugar due to insufficient insulin to regulate glucose levels.
2. Glucosuria is the presence of glucose in urine, indicating excess blood sugar not being reabsorbed.
3. Polyuria is increased urine production due to osmotic diuresis from excess glucose in the urine.
4. Acidosis results from the breakdown of fats in the absence of sufficient glucose utilization.
5. All these symptoms align with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, where insulin deficiency leads to these metabolic disturbances.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
B: Diabetes insipidus is characterized by excessive thirst and urination due to inadequate ADH, not hyperglycemia.
C: Hormone-secreting tumor of beta cells would lead to hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia, not hyperglycemia.
D: ADH deficiency would result in dilute urine and electrolyte imbalances
Endocrine system consists of ductless glands which secrete:
- A. Enzymes
- B. Hormones
- C. Electrolytes
- D. Chemicals
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hormones. The endocrine system consists of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions. Hormones are chemical messengers that help control metabolism, growth, development, mood, and other physiological processes. Enzymes (choice A) are not secreted by the endocrine system but by exocrine glands. Electrolytes (choice C) are ions essential for various bodily functions but are not directly secreted by glands of the endocrine system. Choice D, chemicals, is too broad and vague as all substances can be considered chemicals.
A 10-year-old boy is diagnosed with Attention Deficit/Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD). Which of the following drugs is most likely to prove effective for relieving the boy’s main symptoms?
- A. Dobutamine
- B. Amphetamine
- C. Pancuronium
- D. Prazosin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Amphetamine. Amphetamine is a stimulant commonly used to treat symptoms of ADHD as it helps improve focus, impulse control, and hyperactivity. It works by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain. Dobutamine (A) is a different type of stimulant used for heart conditions. Pancuronium (C) is a muscle relaxant used during surgery, and Prazosin (D) is an alpha-blocker used for high blood pressure and PTSD nightmares. Therefore, Amphetamine is the most likely drug to be effective for relieving the boy's main symptoms of ADHD.
Eicosanoids are not true hormones because they __________.
- A. they act locally, not on distal organs as do true hormones
- B. don't have target organs
- C. mediate inflammatory reactions
- D. are lipid in nature
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Eicosanoids are not true hormones because they act locally, not on distal organs like true hormones. Eicosanoids are produced and released in response to specific stimuli at the site of action, affecting nearby cells. This local action distinguishes them from true hormones, which are produced in one part of the body and travel through the bloodstream to distant target organs to elicit a response. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because eicosanoids do have target organs (B), mediate inflammatory reactions (C), and are lipid in nature (D), but these characteristics do not define them as hormones.
Since Adonis was unable lift the dumbbell, he decided to use the exercise bike for a cardiovascular workout. During maximum exertion on the exercise bike, Adonis began to breathe heavily and felt 'the burn' in his legs. The skeletal muscles of his legs were using primarily which form of respiration at maximum exertion?
- A. Aerobic respiration
- B. Electron transport chain
- C. Oxidative phosphorylation
- D. Glycolysis
Correct Answer: d
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Glycolysis. During maximum exertion, skeletal muscles rely on glycolysis to quickly generate ATP without oxygen. This process breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. Since Adonis was feeling 'the burn' in his legs, it indicates the accumulation of lactic acid from glycolysis. Choice A (Aerobic respiration) requires oxygen and is not efficient during high-intensity exercise. Choices B (Electron transport chain) and C (Oxidative phosphorylation) are part of aerobic respiration and occur in mitochondria, which are less active during intense exercise compared to glycolysis.