Nokea
To prevent hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia related to exercise, what should the nurse teach the patient using glucose-lowering agents about the best time for exercise?
- A. Only after a 15-g carbohydrate snack is eaten
- B. About 1 hour after eating when blood glucose levels are rising
- C. When glucose monitoring reveals that the blood glucose is in the normal range
- D. When blood glucose levels are high, because exercise always has a hypoglycemic effect
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Exercising about 1 hour after eating helps to ensure blood glucose is rising and reduces the risk of hypoglycemia.
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You are preparing to review a teaching plan for a patient with type 2 diabetes. What will you check to determine the patient's level of compliance with his diabetic regimen?
- A. Patient's fasting glucose level
- B. Patient's oral glucose tolerance test results
- C. Patient's glycosylated hemoglobin assay
- D. Patient's fingerstick glucose check for 24 hours
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The glycosylated hemoglobin assay (HbA1c) provides an average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months and is the best indicator of long-term compliance with the diabetic regimen.
A patient with acromegaly is treated with a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. What should the nurse do postoperatively?
- A. Ensure that any clear nasal drainage is tested for glucose.
- B. Maintain the patient flat in bed to prevent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage.
- C. Assist the patient with toothbrushing every 4 hours to keep the surgical area clean.
- D. Encourage deep breathing, coughing, and turning to prevent respiratory complications.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Clear nasal drainage should be tested for glucose to rule out cerebrospinal fluid leakage, which can occur after transsphenoidal surgery.
Eicosanoids are not true hormones because they __________.
- A. they act locally, not on distal organs as do true hormones
- B. don't have target organs
- C. mediate inflammatory reactions
- D. are lipid in nature
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Eicosanoids are not true hormones because they act locally, not on distal organs like true hormones. Eicosanoids are produced and released in response to specific stimuli at the site of action, affecting nearby cells. This local action distinguishes them from true hormones, which are produced in one part of the body and travel through the bloodstream to distant target organs to elicit a response. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because eicosanoids do have target organs (B), mediate inflammatory reactions (C), and are lipid in nature (D), but these characteristics do not define them as hormones.
Since Adonis was unable lift the dumbbell, he decided to use the exercise bike for a cardiovascular workout. During maximum exertion on the exercise bike, Adonis began to breathe heavily and felt 'the burn' in his legs. The skeletal muscles of his legs were using primarily which form of respiration at maximum exertion?
- A. Aerobic respiration
- B. Electron transport chain
- C. Oxidative phosphorylation
- D. Glycolysis
Correct Answer: d
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Glycolysis. During maximum exertion, skeletal muscles rely on glycolysis to quickly generate ATP without oxygen. This process breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. Since Adonis was feeling 'the burn' in his legs, it indicates the accumulation of lactic acid from glycolysis. Choice A (Aerobic respiration) requires oxygen and is not efficient during high-intensity exercise. Choices B (Electron transport chain) and C (Oxidative phosphorylation) are part of aerobic respiration and occur in mitochondria, which are less active during intense exercise compared to glycolysis.
Aldosterone:
- A. is a mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex.
- B. functions in the regulation of blood glucose levels.
- C. stimulates the kidney to excrete sodium and reabsorb potassium.
- D. All is applicable.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice A is correct:
1. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex.
2. It plays a key role in regulating electrolyte balance, specifically sodium and potassium levels.
3. Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to increase sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion.
4. This hormone helps to maintain blood pressure and fluid balance in the body.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
- Choice B (functions in the regulation of blood glucose levels): Aldosterone does not play a significant role in blood glucose regulation.
- Choice C (stimulates the kidney to excrete sodium and reabsorb potassium): This statement is partially true, but aldosterone actually stimulates sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion.
- Choice D (All is applicable): While aldosterone has various functions, not all statements apply to its actions.